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Sows are the basis for the production of commercial pigs, and selection of sows prior to purchase is critical. It is recommended that small and medium-sized farmers do not keep sows in finishing pigs.
(1) According to the market demand, in combination with the level and conditions of feeding management, select the appropriate sow breed.
If fattening pigs are destined for sale in large and medium-sized cities, or if they cooperate with large-scale slaughter and processing companies, they must select high-slaughtered hybrid sows with higher lean meat percentages, such as growing up with dual-mothers. Pigs or big and long-term sows can also breed breeding sows; if the lean meat requirement is not high, the local sows and the introduced sows can be selected. Farmers with poor pig breeding techniques and little experience should choose breeding pigs with good adaptability, resistance to disease and stress resistance, and high growth and fattening performance as well as their supporting cross combinations. With certain experience in hog farming, there are professional farmers who have accumulated technology. It is recommended to choose long-grown or long-grown sows.
(b) To understand the reproductive performance characteristics of different breeds of pigs.
In contrast, the advantages of the breeding performance of local breeds and cultivars are more pronounced than those introduced varieties. Local pig breeds are sexually mature, have a large number of ovulations, have more calving, have more nipples, have stronger lactation, and have obvious estrus symptoms and high fertility. The estrus symptoms of introduced pigs are not obvious, and the breeding time is not easy to grasp. The elimination rate is not high due to the lack of heat, repeated infertility, fewer litters, or no estrus after weaning of first-born pigs. Domestic local pig breeds.
(C) Pay attention to individual selection of gilts.
The gilt is suitable for individuals aged 4 to 5 months and weighing 50 to 75 kg. At this stage, pig growth, body appearance, genital organs and nipple status are basically stereotyped and easy to choose. The main requirements for the selection of gilts are: species characteristics are obvious (hair color, head type, ear type, etc.), good body shape, handsome face, light head and neck, robust body, straight line; nipples are arranged evenly and neatly. Spacing, no nipples, deputy nipples, more than 6 pairs of effective nipples; genital development is good, the vulva larger and drooping; legs and feet strong, no significant limp and hoof crack.
In addition, special attention must be paid to the health status of selected sows. It is better to collect blood samples from selected sows, send them to the testing organization with appropriate qualifications, and then make selections based on the results. In general, breeding pigs should be introduced from a breeding farm that has a sound epidemic prevention system and strict implementation, and the breeding pigs are from non-epidemic areas.
(a) Consult a breeding farm to find out what combination of piglets it is and how it is immune to the vaccine.
(b) pay attention to body appearance choice.
Long pigs with long waists, flattened and flattened abdomen, and drooping hips, protruding but full hips, relatively flat and slightly wide backs, and thin-skinned young pigs, are usually hybrids of lean pigs. The pigs grow fast when they are fattening, and their feed returns are high.
(C) to buy healthy disease-free piglets. All eyes are good, clear, nostrils are moist, hair is shiny, and the spirit is lively, and often shakes the head and tail, the tip of the tail can roll, called crisp, not diarrhea, dung into groups, indicating that it is healthy and disease-free piglets.
(D) purchase the nearest place and avoid the affected area.
Generally, it is not advisable to go to the farther piglet trading market to purchase piglets, and it is advisable to purchase them nearby to facilitate understanding of the situation of hybridization and the occurrence of diseases.
To increase sow fertility, in addition to scientific selection of gilts, timely breeding and phasing out, and achieving fine-grained feeding at all stages are the key to improving the production efficiency of breeding sows and achieving high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of breeding sows. For medium and small-scale farmers, it is recommended that artificial semen should be purchased near the semen, and it is not appropriate to keep boars. In summer, artificial insemination can better ensure semen quality and improve conception rate.
(I) Technical points for gilt rearing and management
1. Scientifically formulate diets. Pay attention to the energy concentration and protein level in the diet, especially the supplementation of mineral elements and vitamins, promote the healthy development of gilts, and breed on the 2nd or 3rd estrus.
2. Reasonably reared. Feeding gilt-specific feeds should not be used to feed growing pigs. The gilts need to adopt low nutrient levels before and after the high, usually 90 kg before the implementation of free food, 90 kg until the combination of limited feeding and free intake, feeding about 2.5 kg on a daily basis, 2 to 3 times feeding , And provide enough clean drinking water to prevent overweight of gilts and postpone estrus. A limited amount of feed was given 2 weeks before the start of the breeding period, and the aquafeeding was performed. The daily feeding amount was increased to 2.5 to 3 kg, and after feeding, it was restored to about 2 kg per day.
3. Reasonable grouping. The gilts are generally group reared, with 5 to 6 heads per column and a lap area of ​​at least 1.5 square meters per head.
4. Proper exercise. Proper exercise every day to enhance physical fitness and enhance the flexibility and solidity of the limbs.
5. Promote timely estrus in gilts. Use 2 exercises a day to increase the duration of the light and stimulate the gilts in the gilts with adult boar stimulation. Timely elimination of estrus sows.
(II) The main points of feeding and management of empty sows The key to empty sow rearing and management is to maintain the normal sow body condition, so that the sows can estrus, ovulate, and fertilize in time. The technical points are as follows:
1. Supply diets with higher nutritional levels and maintain a moderate degree of lyricism. If sows are too thin or too fat, they will show no estrus, low ovulation, weak egg viability and low fertility, and can easily cause sows to feel empty.
2. Use short-term superior feeding techniques to promote estrus and ovulation. 10 to 14 days before mating, gilts increased the amount of material by about 0.5 kilograms on the basis of the amount of feed on the original day, and stopped feeding after the breeding was completed; the production sows increased the amount of material by 0.4 kg on the basis of the original daily feed amount. As the situation increases or decreases the amount of material.
3. Group rearing, proper exercise, boar decoy. In general, 4 to 5 heads per group stimulate each other to facilitate early estrus and breeding. The gilts can move freely for 2 to 3 hours a day. Using a trial boar to chase non-estrus sows or polygamy in male and female pigs can promote ovulation in non-estrus sows.
4. Make sure that the empty sow's estrus identification, in order to avoid leakage and cause a mismatch. Estrus identification methods are mainly based on estrus identification and boar test. General sows showed early estrus licking across other sows, genital enlargement, large vaginal mucous membranes, mucus, but do not accept boar span (continuing 12 to 36 hours); mid-estrus, sows pressed back static Standing still, ears erect, genital enlargement, vaginal mucous membrane was light red, mucus is thin and transparent, there is no sound in the mouth (to stand still). This is the best time for insemination. During late estrus, the sows tend to be stable, the genital area begins to contract, the vaginal mucous membrane is lavender, and the mucus is thick, and it is reluctant to accept the boar span.
5. Timely breeding. For gilts, the initial maternal age and weight of local hybrid sows are generally 7 to 7.5 months old and weigh 80 to 90 kilograms. The introduced varieties are suitable for ages and weights of 8 to 10 months and weighing 110 to 120 kilograms. . The best breeding time for estrus sows is in the middle of estrus. Breeding of semen semen by microscopic examination, sperm viability above 0.7 can be mated or artificial insemination.
6. Treatment of reproductive tract diseases. When a sow suffers from a reproductive tract disease, especially a high-yielding sow, diagnosis and treatment should be promptly conducted. Under normal production conditions, sows that have not been estrus or have frequent regurgitation for a long period of time, and sows that use drugs for aphrodisiac and improve feeding management or who have had more than three inefficiencies should be eliminated in time. Sows generally have the highest number of 3 to 4 litters and are reduced to 6 litters, and the litter size is deviated. Such sows should be eliminated.
(III) Technical points for feeding and management of pregnant sows
1. Do a good job of feeding and managing the two critical periods of pregnant sows. The first period is that in the first month after the sow is pregnant, the embryo is susceptible to environmental and unreasonable nutrient stimuli that cause shedding to die. During this period, special attention must be paid to keeping the pregnant sow quiet, with minimal stress, and to prevent stillbirths. abortion. The second period was during the month before the sow gave birth, the required nutrients increased significantly. At this time, we must pay attention to strengthening nutrition, ensure the quality of feed, and appropriately increase the amount of feed.
2. Keep pregnant sows properly sensational. It is mainly through controlling the amount of feed to control the sow's gestation so as to prevent it from being too fat or too thin. For sows with better body condition, 2 to 2.5 kg of diet can be given before and during pregnancy, and short-term excellent feeding can be performed during the later period of pregnancy (84 days to 1 week before birth). Short-term excellent feeding is based on the sow's body condition adding 1 kg of full-price mix daily.
3. Make a pregnancy diagnosis. After 18 to 24 days and 39 to 45 days after mating, the ultrasound diagnosis of pregnancy was performed and the sows who had recurrent or non-pregnant were detected in time.
(4) Technical points for the management of sows during feeding and nursing in sows
1. Make prenatal preparations. Including the accurate calculation of the expected date of birth (the pig's gestation period is 114 days), ready for dry cloth, silk thread, scissors, disinfectant, and piglet production boxes, heat lamps and other production supplies and equipment. Confinement workers should disinfect the arms and condoms.
2. Do a good job of feeding the sows before and after giving birth. Special attention should be paid to the condition of the sows 5 to 7 days before the onset of labor. Problems must be dealt with in a timely manner to ensure that the sows' digestive tract is normal, and constipation and body temperature are prevented. On the day of farrowing, the sows can be fed 1 to 1.5 kg of diet and 2 to 3 times of bran bran soup (20 g of bran, 25 g of salt, and 2 kg of water). The normal amount of feed is 2 to 3 days after delivery. The amount of 1/3 to 1/2 of the feed was gradually transferred to free intake.
3. Management of sows before and after childbirth. The sows were moved to the delivery room 5 to 7 days before the onset of labor, observing the sows, strengthening nursing care and preventing premature birth. Before entering the farrowing room, sows are bathed. The sows' udders and genitals are cleaned before the birth and then scrubbed with 0.1% potassium permanganate solution to keep the sows' breasts and nipples clean and hygienic.
4. Sow production points. It is necessary to take care of the laboring sows on a shift day and night. After the piglet is born, immediately wipe the mucus of the nose and mouth with the cloth and let the piglet breathe freely. Cut the umbilical cord at about 3 cm from the abdomen of the piglet and disinfect the head with 2% iodine.
5. Sow dystocia treatment. Drug Midwifery: The dosage of oxytocin is 2 ml per 100 kg of body weight, 20 to 30 minutes after injection, piglets can be produced. If invalid, artificial midwifery should be used. Artificial Midwifery: The midwife cuts the nails, wash hands with soapy water, then disinfects the hands and arms with disinfectant, applies lubricant, and cleans the sows. The hand becomes a conical shape and the palm of the hand is up. When the sow is in charge, it is slowly inserted into the birth canal to hold the piglet, and the piglet is pulled out. If one is pulled out, it will not be necessary to perform artificial midwifery. Sows are given antibiotics after surgery to prevent infection.
6. Fix the teat to ensure that the piglets eat colostrum. Put the piglets in the incubator to ensure that the piglets are warm. After 30 minutes of birth, help the piglets to eat colostrum.
7. Do a good job of feeding and management of lactating sows. Mainly in strict accordance with feeding standards and the amount required to feed lactating sows; generally fed 3 times a day, summer hot weather can increase once in the evening. Provide enough clean drinking water; lactation sow feed structure should be relatively stable, do not feed mildew and toxic feed.
8. Determine the weaning time based on the weight of the piglets. If the nursery is in good condition, if the temperature of the nursery is guaranteed and there are better piglets, we can choose to wean it in about 28 days. We do not advocate the early weaning on small and medium-sized farms. The weight of the weaned pigs should not be less than 7 kg. In the hot summer or cold winter, you can wean off for a few days late.
9. Provide a good barn environment. Keep warm, dry, hygienic and fresh air in the pig house and on the pig bed. Clean the pig bar every day and stick to the pig bar and walkway every 2 to 3 days with a disinfectant that does not have side effects on the pig. Minimize various stress factors and keep the environment quiet.
(5) Technical points for feeding and management of suckling piglets
1. Do a good job of antifreeze insulation. For newly born piglets, crushing and low temperature are the major unfavorable factors. The temperature of the delivery room should be kept at about 20°C. The piglet insulation box should be installed inside the box. 250W infrared light should be hung in the box. The lamp should be 40cm away from the bottom of the box or be placed in the box with electric heating plate or hot water insulation board. In the first 3 days after delivery, the suitable temperature for piglets is 32~28°C; for 4~7 days after birth, the suitable temperature is 28~25°C; for the 8th~30th day, the suitable temperature is
25~22°C.
2. Set nursery pens in the delivery room to protect piglets and limit sow activity and reduce piglet death.
3. Ensure that newborn piglets eat colostrum as soon as possible to enhance the body's immune system. We must take artificially assisted nursing on weak pigs until the piglets can stand on their own to eat milk. Within 3 days, each piglet is fixed with nipples.
4. Fix the teat. Note that the weak piglets are fixed in the anterior middle nipple to ensure uniform development of the whole litter.
5. Selective fostering technology. In the event that the sow is over-fed and unable to nurse it all, the excess piglets should be nurtured to other sows. The fostering method is to let the sow piglets have the scent of accepting sows, so as to reduce the occurrence of bites in the foster piglets.
6. Iron supplements and feeds. Two to three days after the piglets were born, 100-150 mg of iron was given to each piglet to prevent iron deficiency anemia and increase the survival rate of the piglet. About 7 days after the birth of piglets, free feed intake can be used to increase the weaning weight of piglets.
7. Reduce stress in weaned piglets. The first is to make a transition between feeding and feeding methods through feeding. Piglets can be hunted from 7 to 10 days of age, feeding 5 to 6 times a day, feeding less frequently, removing excess material in time, and eating and drinking clean water. The second is to do a good job in the transition of environmental conditions and rational transition to groups. Sows can be driven off weaning, leaving piglets in the original column for conservation purposes; weaning piglets should be as small as possible during transit. The third is to regulate the temperature and humidity of livestock houses. In winter, pay special attention to insulation. In the summer, pay attention to ventilation and keep the room dry. The fourth is to regulate the defecation of piglets and reduce the spread of disease.
8. Do a good job of castration and early feeding. Healthy boars are castrated from 7 to 10 days of age.
(VI) The main points of raising and management of nursery piglets The conservation period is the most critical period of a pig's life. It is also the most difficult period for feeding and management. The growth rate after 7-10 days after weaning will affect the growth rate of the piglets and the feed utilization rate of the whole period. Therefore, the most important goal of this period is to ensure the highest possible growth rate and good health.
1. Do a good job of disinfection. Before weaning pigs enter the nursery, they must thoroughly clean, wash and disinfect inside and outside the nursery to kill the bacteria; after the piglet enters the nursery, clean up the waste in time.
2. Reasonable grouping and training. The grouping should be carried out according to the principle of keeping the original litter in the same circle, similar in size and weight, and the individuals are too small and too weak to be reared separately to reduce the damage caused by fighting each other. Breeding piglets are given regular rest and excretion. Different groups of piglets are sprayed with a low concentration of agricultural blessings to prevent fighting.
3. Maintain a suitable breeding density. The nursery houses 15 to 20 piglets per lap, up to a maximum of 25 heads, and each piglet occupies an area of ​​0.3 to 0.5 square meters.
4. Create a comfortable living environment. Just-weaned pigs generally require a temperature of 30°C, and then descend 3-4°C every week until they fall to 22-24°C. Relative humidity is
65%-75%.
5. Provide plenty of clean drinking water. Adding glucose, potassium salts, sodium salts, etc. electrolytes or vitamins to drinking water for 7 to 10 days after weaning can improve piglet resistance and prevent diarrhea.
6. Piglets eat freely and strengthen feeding management. 5 to 6 days after weaning to implement a small number of meals (a day and night feeding 6 to 8 times). Feeding the piglet's pre-feeding material within 1 to 2 weeks after weaning, and gradually changing to piglet post-feeding material after the piglet has adapted to the environment. During the transition, the feeding amount is gradually replaced by 1/3, each replacement is performed for 2 days, and the week is changed.
7. Strengthen observation. Including observation of piglet growth, activity, feeding and feces, found sick, weak, stiff pigs, into another column, timely treatment.
IV. Comprehensive prevention and control measures for epidemics (1) Control the source of infection.
The quality of the introduction was mainly strict, and the introduction was made from a breeding farm that had obtained the “Conditions for Animal Epidemic Prevention†and was observed for two weeks. All dead and sick pigs are harmlessly treated (burned or buried).
(b) Cut off the route of transmission of pathogens.
The pig farm office and production area must be strictly separated. The entrance to the farm gate and the production area should be equipped with disinfection pools and corresponding disinfection devices to periodically replace disinfectant drugs. Promote the use of different disinfectants in rotation. Visitors used hand sanitizers to wash their hands, using the farm’s footwear and work clothes on the field to enter the field. Farm staff entering and exiting the farm should replace fixed work clothes, shoes, and caps, and regularly clean the work clothes, shoes, and caps and fumigate them. Timing to remove the feces, keep the house clean. Pighouse disinfection does not leave dead corners. Clean the pighouse first, add the disinfectant after drying, and then dry the disinfectant and rinse it. Then empty the pen for 1 week and then enter the pig. Strengthen the detection of pathogens in boar semen and prevent the introduction of pathogens; do a good job in sanitation, insecticide, rodent control, and strengthen the control of cats, dogs, and birds in the area, reducing the risk of infectious diseases intrusion.
(C) scientific and rational immunization prevention and control.
Effectively immunize the swine fever vaccine, foot-and-mouth disease vaccine, highly pathogenic blue ear disease, pseudorabies vaccine, and gasping disease vaccine. Scientifically develop immunization programs suitable for this field and implement enhanced immunization. Follow the instructions using a sufficient dose to standardize the operation. It is forbidden to use antiviral drugs or antibiotics during vaccination.
(d) Strengthen the detection of disease and immune assessment.
Cooperate with qualified inspection agencies to make regular diagnosis and detection of swine farm diseases, regularly monitor the immune effects of commonly used swine vaccines, and focus on ensuring the efficacy of swine fever, foot-and-mouth disease, pseudorabies, and highly pathogenic PRRS .
(E) to strengthen the pig drug prevention and health care.
Drug care is a supplement and emergency measure for vaccine prevention. When the climate becomes cold in autumn, anti-respiratory drugs are added to pig feeds, winter cold, anti-diarrhea drugs are added when pig houses are wet, anti-indigo fever and mastitis drugs are used before and after sows are fed, newborn piglets, weaned piglets, and swarms Hog pigs use drugs to prevent disease. Medication should pay attention to incompatibility and compliance with withdrawal requirements. Regardless of whether to use drugs to drink water or spices, require uniform concentration, drinking water should be stopped before use of 2 to 4 hours, the dose should be sufficient, but do not blindly increase the amount, pay attention to ensure that the course of treatment, the general prevention of medication 3 to 5 days, medication should be Pay attention to the status of the pig and find that the abnormality is handled in time.
(six) regularly Deworming.
The finishing pigs were each dewormed once at 7 days, 60 days, and 120 days after weaning. The sow herd is 3-4 times a year. During the period of deworming, it is necessary to sterilize the pig manure every day to kill the eggs and adults and enhance the insect repellent effect.
Fifth, do a good job in summer heatstroke cooling work in summer high temperature so that the growth of fattening pigs to reduce food intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion rate decreased, but also to reduce the breeding rate of sows, litter size and stillbirth increased. Appropriate cooling measures should be taken to mitigate the adverse effects of heat stress on pig production. Summer cooling measures for summer and small-scale pig farms are recommended as follows:
(I) Measures to prevent radiation cooling in pig houses Since about 75% of the heat load in livestock houses comes from roofs, radiation protection and heat insulation treatment of pig house roofs can achieve better cooling effects. The top of the pig house is covered with about 10 cm thick thatch, and a shade net is set up on the top of the pig house. The combination of the two can reduce the radiant heat of the pig house and lower the temperature inside the pig house.
(II) Cooling measures of cooling fan The pig house adopts a cooling fan to cool down, and the cooling fan sprays fine mist while blowing air. The high-speed wind evaporates the mist before landing and absorbs heat from the air to achieve cooling. The cooling fan has good cooling effect in the fog grain coverage area. The number of cooling fans can be determined according to the cooling length (about 15 meters) and width (8 to 10 meters) of the cooling fan and the actual size of the pig house. .
(C) cooling the water curtain through the pigskin to install a cooling screen, the best results.
Analgesic-antipyretic, for myalgia, colic, rheumatism and fever disease in animals.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
For intramuscular administration, calculated on metamizole sodium.
Horses and cattle: 3-10g for a single dose.
Sheep and goats: 1-2g for a single dose.
Pigs: 1-3g for a single dose.
Dogs: 0.3-0.6g for a single dose.
ADVERSE REACTION
Long-term use may cause neutropenia.
CONTRAINDICATION AND PRECAUTION
Not for acupoint-injection, in particular not suitable for joints injected, it may cause muscle atrophy and joint dysfunction.
WITHDRAWAL PERIOD
Cattle, sheep, goats and pigs: 28 days.
Milk: 7 days.
Technical guidelines for improving sow production and piglet survival rate
At present, some small and medium-sized farms with 30-50 sows or more than 500 commercial pigs each year are unable to provide effective technical guidance on species selection, feeding and management, disease prevention and control, and the production level is low. The ability to resist risks is weak and the aquaculture efficiency is poor. In order to give full play to the genetic potential of pigs, ensure an effective supply of the pork market, and increase the income of farmers, the experts of the national hog industry technical system recommend adopting the following technical measures to raise the level of pig production.