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Because of this, lasers are becoming more widely used in life sciences such as cytology, embryology, genetics, muscle dynamics, bioengineering, medicine and medical engineering. The combination of laser and life science can be roughly divided into laser biological effects, laser biotechnology and laser medicine.
Laser biological effects generally refer to the physical, chemical or biological reactions that lasers can produce in living organisms. Can be divided into laser biothermal effect, actinic effect, mechanical effect, electromagnetic field effect, stimulating effect. Using its thermal effect, we can gasify, cut, heat kill, heat, and heat the biological tissue. With its actinic effect, it can cause chemical reactions in the body, such as photodissociation. The laser electromagnetic field effect refers to the laser as an electromagnetic wave, which is an electromagnetic field that changes in time and space, and the organism as a medium has conductance and capacitance, and some changes occur under the action of the laser electric field, such as electrostriction, stimulated Brillouin scattering laser The stimulating effect refers to a phenomenon produced by a low-intensity weak laser-acting organism, such as stimulating bacterial growth, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic.
Laser biotechnology is a new technology developed on the basis of laser biological effects. This is an important aspect to be highlighted below.
Laser medicine includes laser diagnosis and detection as well as laser medical treatment. This is also a face that is closely related to our lives. The laser treatment of myopia in recent years belongs to this aspect.
The treatment of keratectomy is to change the curvature of the eyeball by laser surgery to change the diopter of the eyeball to achieve the purpose of treating myopia. Of course, this is a very high requirement for lasers. First, the laser used must be absorbed almost entirely by the cornea to prevent the laser from penetrating the cornea to damage other tissues in the eye. It requires an excimer laser with a wavelength of less than 300 mm and a mid-infrared laser with a wavelength of 1.88-2.04 mm and 2.36-40 mm. Second, it is necessary to minimize the thermal damage to the cornea. This requires that the laser density should not be too high (200 mj/cm ^ 2 for excimer lasers, 1-2 mj /cm ^ 2 for mid-infrared lasers), nor too low, otherwise too long a time is not conducive to treatment.
Laser treatment of myopia is a major advancement in laser medicine. The role of lasers is far from this, and it has important implications for both genetic engineering and cell engineering.
DNA is the carrier of genetic information. When cells are passaged, DNA must be faithfully replicated in order for the daughter cells to contain the same genetic information to maintain the stability of the species. So what is the role of lasers in this regard? The scientific community wants to control DNA, and the key to controlling and manipulating DNA is to develop optical capture machines that use highly concentrated laser beams to remove plastic pellets and other particles and their associated techniques for handling tiny objects. By attaching tiny spheres to either end of a DNA bond and operating the laser beam, researchers can monitor the mechanics of the molecule and fundamentally understand how much DNA can withstand stretching and twisting. The development in this field allows us to control the replication of DNA with a laser that controls both DNA unwinding. In addition, we can use weak lasers to obtain genetic information of DNA through related imaging techniques, and laser energy carrying information. This is the aspect of laser biotechnology. This new technology has achieved a lot of research results, such as: laser external introduction of genetic methods to transform genes, laser irradiation to make chromosome mutations, etc.; in this regard, China has achieved many results, such as: 1988 China University of Science and Technology The laser is used to perforate the silkworm eggs, and the chromatin is implanted to cause variation.
The laser's reference to cell engineering is more prominent, which can lead to cell fusion, mitochondrial collapse and so on. Cell engineering is the application of biological and molecular biology methods to genetic manipulation at the cellular level. Recently, laser technology can eradicate brain tumors. It injects a drug into the body, attaches it to the brain tumor, and then irradiates it with a laser to cause the drug to react. The molecule of the reaction cuts off the blood supply to the brain tumor cell, and then removes it. Since the drug is attached to the tumor cells, the cell destruction of the drug is limited to a certain range and is precisely controlled.
This makes us wonder if we can use laser to destroy the virus inside the cell. As far as I analyze and think about some of the information, I think this is completely done. This can be said first from the way the virus invades the cell.
There are three ways in which a virus invades cells, and the most important one is that the virus enters the cell under the action of pinocytosis. From the use of laser to destroy brain tumor cells, we can associate, can we use related technology to eliminate the virus inside the cell? In theory, it is ok. All kinds of movements have different characteristics. In the final analysis, they have different DNA. Since the laser can control the DNA of different types of viruses, you can learn the genetic information of DNA, and you can fully understand the different characteristics of the virus. Then, we can prescribe the right medicine, develop the relevant drugs, and make them into the cells, so the drugs can attach to the virus. The laser is then used to cause the drug to act, to cut off the connection between the virus and the cell, and to isolate the virus. Then, the drug can be used to remove the virus.
In addition, we can also use the cell's exocytosis to make the virus out of the cell first, and then combined with drug treatment, in order to achieve the purpose of eliminating the virus. Since the laser can control the mechanical movement of DNA through the small ball, it is very simple to control the mechanical movement of the bubble. Specifically, the virus-containing vacuole is pulled onto the cell membrane by a laser, and the virus is discharged to the outside of the cell by exocytosis.
The reason why I say the above two methods is feasible is because some technical problems are solved first. The laser must make the vacuole inside the cell, and must first enter the cell, which can be achieved by electroporation. The basic principle of electroporation is the use of freshly separated protoplasts to form reversible transient channels on the plasma membrane under high pressure pulses. This was originally used for the extraction of DNA, where we can use it to combine the light guiding properties of the fiber to introduce the laser into the cell. Some people may worry that the cell membrane will rupture. In fact, this kind of worry is superfluous. Because the cell membrane has a strong toughness, the fiber used for guiding light can be made very thin. In addition, the recently developed laser healing technology can also eliminate people's doubts. It combines strong proteins with tissues near the wound and can be directly incorporated into the wound under infrared light. Of course, this is mainly used in surgery, but further development can be used for tissue-sized tissues. However, in the first method of eliminating the virus, the key is how to make the drug adhere well to the virus without damaging other substances in the cell. The premise of solving this problem is to understand the characteristics of the virus well. We need to use the characteristics of the virus different from other tissues in the cell to make the corresponding drugs, so that the drugs have an "attractive" effect on the virus, and other tissues in the cell. It does not “combineâ€, so that the drug is controlled within a certain range, and it only works on the virus without damaging other tissue structures.
Of course, there are still some technical problems with lasers to eliminate viruses. For example, how to use laser technology to clearly obtain the genetic status of viral DNA, how to find the most effective drugs? However, with the development of laser technology, these problems will inevitably be solved one by one.
The impact of laser development on life sciences
From the birth of the first laser to less than 40 years now, the development and application of laser technology has advanced by leaps and bounds. The reason why laser is attracting attention is that it has four characteristics compared with ordinary light. First, it has good monochromaticity. For example, a single-mode æ°¦-æ°– laser emits a laser with a wavelength of 6328, and its spectral line width is less than 1E- 7; second, good directionality; third, high brightness, its brightness is much higher than the sun; fourth, good coherence, its coherence length can reach tens of kilometers, and the best common light coherence length is only tens cm.
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