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Causes and solutions for abnormal phenomena of hollow cathode lamps
I. Abnormal Phenomenon: The anode light flickers.
Cause: Uneven discharge on the anode surface, which can be due to irregularities or contamination.
Treatment: In most cases, this does not affect normal operation. However, if it becomes problematic, try performing a reverse discharge at a current of 10-20 mA for approximately 30 minutes to stabilize the anode surface.
II. Abnormal Phenomenon: The anode glow becomes dimmer.
Cause: Presence of impurity gases inside the lamp, which interfere with the normal emission process.
Treatment: Perform a reverse discharge at 10-20 mA for a few minutes up to half an hour. If this doesn’t help, try a higher current of 80-150 mA to activate the getter and remove the impurities.
III. Abnormal Phenomenon: Light is emitted from the outside and back of the cathode, causing a slight weakening of the emission line.
Cause: The distance between the shield tube and the cathode is too large, or there are impurity gases present in the system.
Treatment: The emission line can still be used stably, but if needed, perform a reverse discharge at 10-20 mA for about 30 minutes to improve performance.
IV. Abnormal Phenomenon: Light is emitted from the outside of the shielding tube, leading to weak and unstable emission lines.
Cause: Small amounts of metal sputtered from the lamp form needle-like or flake-like structures that may cause a short circuit between the cathode and the shielding tube.
Treatment: Gently vibrate the lamp housing to break the connection and restore normal operation.
V. Abnormal Phenomenon: Spark-like discharges occur at the cathode, similar to a beating sound, with no measurable emission line.
Cause: Oxides or impurities on the cathode surface can cause unstable discharges and prevent proper emission.
Treatment: Perform a reverse discharge at 30-50 mA, or add a series resistor of 2-10 kΩ to the lamp to stabilize the current flow.
VI. Abnormal Phenomenon: Low sensitivity, even zero signal.
Cause: Background light emission, incorrect wavelength selection, wide monochromator bandpass, clogged injector, insufficient fuel gas, or improper alignment of the slit relative to the burner axis.
Treatment: Check the background emission of the lamp and the color of the anode. If issues persist, recalibrate the system and ensure all components are functioning correctly.
VII. Abnormal Phenomenon: Light is emitted at the cathode pole, no line strength is measured, and the operating voltage is high.
Cause: Light is emitted at the cathode pole, but no measurable emission line is detected, and the working voltage is unusually high.
Treatment: This usually indicates a faulty lamp. Replace the lamp with a new one to restore proper function.
VIII. Abnormal Phenomenon: No light is emitted at all.
Cause: The lamp may be leaking or disconnected, or the power supply is malfunctioning.
Treatment: First, check the power supply using other lamps. Then, use a high-frequency vacuum leak detector to test the lamp. If no light appears, the lamp is likely leaking (replace it) or the internal connections are broken.
IX. Abnormal Phenomenon: The illuminating color is normal, but the characteristic line emission is weak or undetectable.
Cause: The cathode metal may have been depleted, or the photomultiplier tube or amplifier used for elements like arsenic, selenium, tellurium, or antimony is not suitable for the application.
Treatment: If the cathode is exhausted, replace the lamp. Otherwise, re-select an appropriate photomultiplier tube or amplifier that matches the element being analyzed.
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