Ceramic Teapot is a mouthpiece used to make and pour tea. It is a kind of tea service, mainly used for making tea. The teapot consists of four parts: the lid, the body, the bottom and the feet. When making tea, the size of the teapot depends on the number of tea drinkers.The quality of the teapot is very much, at present USES more is violet arenaceous pottery pot or ceramic teapot. Before using the new teapot, you can put some tea leaves into the pot for a few more blisters. It's better to soak them a few more times. It is better to scrub with the soaked tea leaves.
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The propagation of seed plants can be divided into two categories: sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is the use of plant seeds to produce new plants through a certain cultivation process; vegetative propagation is the use of plant vegetative organs (roots, stems, leaves) to grow into independent new individuals.
(a) Seed propagation
Medicinal plants are most commonly seeded with seeds, such as ginseng, American ginseng, Coptis chinensis, and angelica, etc. It has the advantages of simple breeding techniques, large propagation coefficient, favorable introduction and domestication, and breeding of new varieties. However, the progeny of seed reproduction are prone to variation, and flowering and seeding are later. Especially for medicinal plants of woody species, the number of years required for seed propagation is also long.
1. Seed characteristics
Seed is a living living body that is in dormant period. Seed dormancy is limited by internal or external factors. The phenomenon that it cannot germinate or germinate at one time is a kind of adaptability of the plant to external conditions. After the seed is harvested, under the suitable germination conditions, the phenomenon that it cannot be germinated temporarily because it does not pass the physiological ripening stage is called physiological dormancy; because the seeds cannot obtain the external conditions required for germination, the phenomenon that the seeds cannot germinate temporarily is called forced dormancy. The reason for physiological dormancy is that the embryo is not mature yet; second, although the embryo is fully developed in morphology, the stored material has not yet been transformed into the state that can be used by the embryo development; third, the differentiation of the embryo has been completed, but the embryonic cell protoplasm appears. Lonely phenomenon, there is a layer of lipid material in the raw material, so that the permeability is reduced. All of the above three conditions need to be post-matured by the seeds themselves to germinate. There are two other situations: First, substances that inhibit germination, such as cyanide, nitrogen, plant alkaloids, organic acids, and acetaldehyde, exist in the fruit, seed coat or endosperm, impeding the germination of the embryo; second, the seed coat is too thick, Too hard or waxy, poor water permeability, poor permeability, affect seed germination, seed dormancy in the production practice is of great significance, often the application of plant hormones, and a variety of physical and chemical methods to promote seed germination.
The seed has a certain life span, and the seed life refers to the vitality of the seed. That is, the maximum age that can be maintained under certain environmental conditions. The life span of various medicinal plant seeds is very different, and the life span is only a few days or no more than one year. Seed life is directly related to storage conditions, and suitable storage conditions can extend the life of the seed. However, fresh seeds are still used in production because the germination rate of the seeds is reduced every other year.
2. Seed germination
(1) Imbibition
The stage where a large amount of dry seeds absorb water and the fresh weight increases dramatically is referred to as swelling. After the seeds absorb water, the seed coat expands and softens, and the exchange of seeds with the outside air proceeds. At the same time, through the hydration, the protoplasm changes from an inactive gel state to an active sol state, which provides various transformations for the second stage. condition.
(2) Increased pause period for fresh weight
Seen from the outside, the seeds showed no change, but the internal physiological activity was extremely active and the most important physiological process of seed germination was carried out.
(3) Young root breaks the seed coat
Due to the growth of roots and stems, the fresh weight increased again and the seedlings grew out of soil. Seeds must germinate under certain external conditions. The conditions required for germination are mainly moisture, oxygen and temperature.
3. sowing
The seeds of the medicinal plants that have been carefully selected and treated are sown according to certain specifications into the soil surface ready for site preparation or directly sown into the soil under no-tillage conditions.
(1) Seeding in the open field 1 Seeding period: According to the temperature conditions and growth habits required for the germination of different medicinal plant seeds, combined with the local climate, the sowing date of various medicinal plants is determined. General spring broadcast 3 to April, autumn broadcast September to October. Drupe woody plants such as ginkgo biloba, walnuts, etc. should be sowed in winter. Some short-lived seeds should be sowed after harvesting, such as nutmeg, Asarum, coca and so on. 2 sowing methods: general sub-cast, on-demand, broadcast three. Drilling: Ditch the surface in a row at a certain distance, and evenly sow the seeds into the ditch, covering the soil and pressing. Drilling is easy for cultivating and fertilizing. On-demand: also known as sowing, suitable for large seeds or fast-growing seedlings, that is, according to a certain row spacing in the pod surface digging hole, seed sowing seeds per hole 2 to 4, covered with soil, crushing. After germination, strong seedlings are selected and one plant is kept. The remaining ones are removed or transplanted to make up for seedlings, such as loofah and white lentils. Spreading: Suitable for small seeds, evenly withdraw the seed. Avoid excessive density, otherwise seedlings will grow poorly after germination. After sowing, cover it with humus, and cover the seeds for the thickness. This method is applied in the seedling nursery, and its disadvantage is that it is not easy to manage. 3 Depth of sowing: The so-called depth of sowing refers to the thickness of the soil after seed sowing, which should vary according to the type of plant and the size of the seed. Wherever the seeds are small and the germination rate is low, they should be sowed in a shallow manner; large particles and high germination rates should be sowed in depth. 4 Post-seeding management: mainly refers to the control of the dry humidity in the field, especially the germinated seeds, intolerant of drought. Avoid soil compaction when watering. After emergence, the moisture should be properly controlled so that the roots of the seedlings extend downward.
(2) Nursery
Some medicinal plants, in order to prolong the growth period, increase the yield and quality, often nurse the seedlings in the protected land in advance and plant them in Daejeon until the temperature in the field rises. At present, commonly used nursery facilities include improved Yangshuo, plastic greenhouses and glass greenhouses. 1Improvement of Yangshuo: On the basis of arched cover, a soil wall is built on the north side of the cover. One end of the skeleton is fixed on the earth wall and is semi-arched. The cold-proof performance is better than the arched plastic shed. 2 plastic greenhouses and glass greenhouses: There are two kinds of heating and no warming. Heat sources can be sourced locally, including coal, diesel, gasoline, or laying hot water pipes. In recent years, factory-produced seedlings have introduced electric heating lines and used temperature control devices to warm them up. As the ground temperature is guaranteed, the time for raising seedlings is greatly shortened. The bed soil is laid on the geothermal line. The proportion of bed soil is determined according to the characteristics of the seedlings being cultivated. Small grain seeds such as foxglove and andrographis are about 1 cm in thickness; large seeds can be increased in thickness accordingly.
(B) Asexual reproduction
Plant vegetative propagation is a form of propagation in which vegetative organs (roots, stems, and leaves) of plants form new individuals under certain conditions after isolation, also known as vegetative propagation. It does not produce offspring through the combination of hermaphrodites, but instead relies on the reproductive characteristics of vegetative organs to breed new offspring. The explanted roots regenerate branches, leaves and stems can regenerate adventitious roots, leaves can regenerate roots and stems, one stem and one root, or two stems can be grafted together to grow into a new plant and begin to become independent life.
Asexual reproduction methods usually have the following types:
1. Branch propagation
The division propagation is the division of bulbs, bulbs, roots, rhizomes, and bulbous buds of some medicinal plants from the parent plant, and the cultivation of the individual new plants.
(1) Scale (ball) stem propagation
Such as Fritillaria, Lily, Garlic, Araceae, Pinellia, and Crocus. Bulbs and bulblets often occur around bulbs or bulbs and are removed for breeding.
(2) Reproduction of rhizomes
Such as butterbur, mint, licorice and so on. The transverse roots can be divided into several segments according to a certain length or number of segments, and each segment retains 3 to 5 buds for breeding.
(3) Tuber or tuber propagation
Such as rehmannia, yam, fleece-flower root and so on. Divided into several small pieces according to the position of shoots and buds, each small piece must retain a certain surface area and fleshy part for breeding.
(4) Reproduction by roots
For herbaceous plants such as peony, Scrophularia, peony and other perennial herbs, after the dead parts of the ground, the roots are excavated on the ground before sprouting. The number of shoots is divided into small pieces from the top to the bottom to reproduce.
(5) Bud propagation
Such as Lily, Pinellia, Chinese yam, yellow leaves alone are often budding shoots, can also be taken off. The time of ramets is generally dormant, and it is better to start before the plants begin to grow. In addition to the depth of planting, attention must be paid to planting characteristics, soil, climate and other factors. Freshly cut roots and tubers, dry 1 to 2 days after cutting, make the wound slightly dry, or mix ash, strengthen wound healing and reduce decay. Plant bulbs and bulbs to make buds head upwards. When the roots of peony and peony plants are planted, the roots must be stretched. After entering the ditch, cover the soil and step on it. If the soil is dry, water it in time.
2. Pinching
Batten propagation is the formation of adventitious roots from shoots attached to the parent plant, followed by cutting off the mother plant to become a breeding method for newborn individuals. During the beading, in order to interrupt the downward transport of organic substances such as sugar, auxin and other substances from the upper ends of the leaves and shoots, these substances are accumulated in the upper part of the treatment and used for rooting, and ring peeling can be performed. Applying 1BA auxin at the girdling site promotes rooting.
3. The cutting propagation is to take a part of the vegetative organs of the plant, insert it into loosely moistened soil or fine sand, make use of its regenerative ability, make rooting and branching, and become a new plant. According to the different organs, there are branches, roots, buds and leaves. During the cutting period, due to the variety and nature of plants, herbaceous plants are generally more adaptable to cuttings; in addition to cold winter or summer dry areas where cuttings can not be exposed, where there are warm areas and conditions with greenhouse or hotbed equipment, All seasons can be cut. The period of woody plant cutting can be determined according to deciduous trees and evergreen trees, generally divided into dormancy period and growth period.
Dormant period insertion: When the defoliation is about to begin, or after several light frosts, the growth stops completely. At this time, the branches contain the most nutrients, and the branches that are cut are prone to produce healing tissue and the rooting is rapid. Such as walnuts, ginkgo and so on.
Growth period: Evergreen plants need higher hair roots than deciduous plants; temperature, generally used for growth period cuttings. In southern China, mildew has a high degree of humidity, humidity is relatively high, and the survival rate of cuttings is high. Evergreen species such as Rhododendron, Cyclovirobuxine, Euonymus, Holly, Buckthorn, Barberry, Ivy and so on.
4. Grafting and propagation: A branch or a bud on a plant is grafted onto another rooted plant (rootstock) so that they can heal together and become a unified new individual, called grafting and reproduction. . Commonly used medicinal plants for grafting and breeding include magnolia, puffy sea, mangosteen, kiwi, and oyster shells. According to the site of grafted plants, it can be divided into two major categories: shoot grafting and bud grafting.
(1) Branching is the use of a section of mother tree branch (the branch must have 1-3 buds), the base is cut into a noodle which is easy to be closely connected with the rootstock incision, and then inserted into the incision of the rootstock, pay attention to the formation of an anastomosis layer of the anvil ear. , and bind the cover soil to make it a new plant. Branching is usually carried out in the early spring when the trees germinate. Therefore, when the rootstocks and scion tissues are full, the temperature and humidity are also conducive to the vigorous division of the forming layers.
(2) budding
It is to cut a bud from the branch, with or without xylem, into the incision on the rootstock, and to bandage, so that it close to heal. Buds should be chosen to grow slowly, so when the formation of cells is still active, the budding organization has also been enriched. Graft healing this year, next spring sprouting seedlings, very suitable. Grafting prematurely, sprouting buds in the year, winter can not be lignified, easy to be frozen; grafting too late, rootstock peeling is not easy. Climatic components also have an impact on grafting. Forming layers and calluses need to be active at a certain temperature. When the air humidity is close to saturation, it is most suitable for healing. In outdoor grafting, we must pay attention to weather conditions.
Medicinal plant breeding
Each organism has the ability to regenerate its similarity and inherit it to its offspring. Because of this nature, the plant "species" are preserved, and this process of reproduction is called the reproduction of the organism. People use modern scientific theories and methods to transform existing plant species so that they gradually undergo directional variation through natural and artificial selection, and further create new species. This is the significance of plant reproduction.
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