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Do a good job of "six controls"
Cotton boll rot is primarily caused by two major factors: disease and pest infestation. One of the main causes is the presence of various pathogens such as fusarium wilt, bacterial blight, anthracnose, red rot, pink mold, and black fruit. These pathogens can survive on seeds or within infected bolls, remaining in the field over winter. In the following growing season, they are spread through wind, rain, and insect vectors, entering the plant through wounds, natural openings, or directly invading the bolls. High humidity, especially during August and September, combined with heavy rainfall and strong winds that damage the bolls, creates ideal conditions for disease outbreaks. Additionally, dense planting and excessive nitrogen fertilizer application can lead to excessive vegetative growth, poor air circulation, and reduced light penetration in the field, further increasing the risk of boll rot.
Another significant cause is pest damage, particularly from bollworms, which create numerous wounds on the cotton plants. These wounds serve as entry points for pathogens, accelerating the development of boll rot.
To effectively manage and prevent cotton boll rot, a comprehensive approach known as the "Six Controls" is recommended:
First, carefully manage nitrogen fertilizer application. Under normal conditions, applying about 10 kg per mu of nitrogen during the flowering and boll-setting stages is sufficient. For fields that have already experienced boll rot or show signs of early aging, it's better to reduce or avoid using peach fertilizer. Growth regulators like chlormequat chloride or mepiquat can be used to control excessive growth, preventing flower and boll drop.
Second, maintain proper field drainage to control moisture levels. During rainy seasons, ensuring that water drains quickly after rain is crucial. This helps create favorable conditions for root development while reducing the likelihood of pathogen proliferation.
Third, manage plant growth by pruning. For vigorous cotton fields, removing old leaves from the lower and middle parts of the plant can improve ventilation and light exposure. For fields with excessive growth, techniques like "opening the sky" and removing excess branches can enhance air circulation and reduce disease pressure.
Fourth, implement regular disease control measures. Common diseases like red rot and anthracnose require timely fungicide applications. Spraying 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder diluted at 1000 times, 50% carbendazim wettable powder at 500 times, or 80% zinc sulfate wettable powder at 600 times is effective. These should be applied every 5–7 days, focusing on flower buds, tender bolls, and young fruits.
Fifth, monitor and control pests. For bollworms and red bollworms, it's essential to capture older larvae manually and use chemical sprays to control younger ones, especially before they cause significant damage.
Lastly, remove affected bolls promptly. For bolls that are not yet mature but show signs of rot, pick them out and dispose of them properly to reduce disease spread. Fully matured rotten bolls should be harvested, stripped, and dried as soon as possible to minimize economic losses.
By implementing these six key strategies, farmers can significantly reduce the occurrence of cotton boll rot and protect their crops more effectively.
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Do a good job of "six controls"