American pheasants, often referred to as game birds, are among the most popular species in the world for hunting. As living standards improve, pheasant farming has become an important part of the poultry industry and continues to grow rapidly. This breeding sector offers significant economic, social, and environmental benefits, playing a key role in meeting people's increasing material needs and maintaining a healthy ecosystem.
Brooding Preparation:
Before starting the brooding process, it is essential to prepare the facilities thoroughly. The brooding house should be cleaned and disinfected with a 2% caustic soda solution, followed by fumigation using formaldehyde and potassium permanganate. All equipment and tools must also be properly sterilized. A brooding plan should be developed based on the specific conditions of the farm, determining the number of chicks and the size of each batch. Two days before introducing the chicks, the house should be preheated to the required temperature, ensuring that the environment is suitable for their health and comfort.
Feeding and Care for Chicks:
Chicks should be given water mixed with 5% glucose or sugar within 24–36 hours after hatching. Their initial feed should be soft, nutritious, and easy to digest. It’s best to provide moist feed for the first 3–5 days. Food should be spread on newspaper or troughs to encourage eating. At 2–3 weeks old, beak trimming is recommended to prevent pecking injuries. Temperature control is crucial: 34–35°C for the first 3 days, gradually decreasing to 22°C by week 4. Humidity should be kept at 65–70% during the first 10 days, then reduced to 55–60%. Density management is also important—using net beds at 60 per square meter, moving to three-dimensional cages at 15–20 days, with a density of 30–40 per square meter until 6 weeks of age.
Lighting and Ventilation:
Chicks do not require strict lighting, but for the first 3 days, 24-hour lighting is recommended. After that, reduce to 22–20 hours daily. Natural light can be introduced once they adapt. In three-dimensional cages, 24-hour lighting on the first night helps them adjust. Light intensity should be around 3 watts per square meter. Good ventilation is essential to avoid ammonia buildup, which can cause respiratory issues and eye infections.
Disease Prevention and Management:
Immunization against Newcastle disease is critical, even though pheasants are not highly susceptible. Regular cleaning, disinfection, and monitoring of feces are necessary. During the transition from cages to the ground, extra care is needed to reduce mortality. Proper feeding, hygiene, and stress reduction are vital for successful rearing.
Common Issues and Solutions:
Avoid feeding moldy or spoiled feed, as pheasants are highly sensitive to Aspergillus. Minimize stress during group transfers and ensure proper lighting and ventilation. Prevent accidents like gas poisoning or animal intrusions. Monitor the flock regularly for signs of illness and maintain clean living conditions.
Disease Control Measures:
Implement strict biosecurity protocols, including regular disinfection of the environment and equipment. Use antiseptics like peracetic acid and calcium hypochlorite. Control pests such as flies and mosquitoes. Dispose of waste properly and conduct necropsies on dead birds. Vaccinate against Newcastle disease and treat fungal infections with nystatin or copper sulfate. For bacterial diseases like staphylococcus, maintain low stocking densities and use antibiotics like chloramphenicol when necessary.
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