Vaccine

Technology definitions

Chinese name: Vaccine

English name:vaccine

Definition 1:

Refers generally to all biological products made with attenuated or killed pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, etc.) or their antigenic substances for vaccination purposes.

Subject:

Immunology (Grade 1); Applied Immunity (Grade 2); Immunoprophylaxis (Grade 3)

Definition 2:

A biological preparation made of bacteria, viruses, tumor cells, etc., that allows the body to produce specific immunity.

Subject:

Fisheries (Grade 1); Diseases and Control of Aquatic Products (two subjects)

Wikipedia business card

It is a vaccine preventive biological product used for the prevention of infection, the epidemic, and the control of infectious diseases. Biological products refer to preparations for prevention, diagnosis and treatment prepared with microorganisms or their toxins, enzymes, human or animal serums, cells, and the like. Biological products for vaccination include vaccines, bacterins, and toxoids. Among them, bacterins are made from bacteria; vaccines made from viruses, rickettsia, and spirochetes are sometimes called vaccines.

category

There are two types of vaccines. The first type of vaccine refers to a vaccine provided by the government to citizens free of charge. Citizens should be vaccinated in accordance with government regulations, including vaccines determined by the national immunization program, and vaccines added by the provincial, autonomous region, and municipal people's governments when implementing the national immunization program, and The vaccines used by emergency vaccinations or group vaccination organized by the people's governments at or above the county level or their competent health authorities; the second type of vaccines refer to other vaccines that are self-financed and voluntarily sponsored by citizens.

principle

Vaccine is an autoimmune agent used to prevent infectious diseases by artificially attenuating, inactivating or using genetic engineering methods pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, etc.) and their metabolites. The vaccine retains the characteristics of pathogens that stimulate the immune system in animals. When the animal body comes into contact with this non-harmful pathogen, the immune system will produce certain protective substances, such as immune hormones, active physiological substances, special antibodies, etc.; when the animal comes into contact with this pathogen again, the animal's immune system The system will follow its original memory and create more protective substances to prevent the damage of pathogenic bacteria.

significance

The discovery of vaccines can be a landmark event in the history of human development. Because in a sense, the history of human beings is a history of human beings constantly fighting against diseases and natural disasters. The most important means of controlling infectious diseases is prevention, and vaccination is considered to be the most effective measure. And it turns out that the same is true. The smallpox virus that threatened humanity for hundreds of years was completely eliminated after the emergence of the vaccinia vaccine, ushered in the first victory for humans to use vaccines to fight the virus, and it is even more convinced that the vaccine can control and eliminate infectious diseases. The role. In the following 200 years, the family of vaccines has continued to expand and develop. There are currently more than 20 vaccines for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. According to the technical characteristics, they are divided into traditional vaccines and new vaccines. Traditional vaccines mainly include live attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines, while new vaccines use genetic vaccines.

species

Artificial active immunity preparation

Inactivated vaccine

The bacteria, virus, Rickettsia, spirobiosis, etc. with good immunogenicity were selected and artificially cultured and then physically or chemically killed. This vaccine loses reproductive ability but retains its immunogenicity. After the dead vaccine enters the human body, it cannot grow and multiply. It has a short stimulation time for the body and it requires multiple repeated inoculations to obtain long-lasting immunity. For example: Hepatitis A inactivated vaccine is dead vaccine.

2. Live attenuated vaccine

Artificial vaccines or attenuated live vaccines can be made using artificially-directed variation methods, or screening from nature for viable or virtually non-toxic living microorganisms. Common live vaccines include BCG (BCG, tuberculosis), measles vaccine, and polio vaccine (polio). After inoculation, it has the ability to grow and reproduce in the body, close to natural infections, and can stimulate the body's lasting immunity against pathogens. The use of live vaccines is small and the duration of immunization is longer. Live vaccines have better immune effects than dead vaccines. For example: chickenpox vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine, and leprosy and mumps vaccines are all live vaccines.

Toxoid

The extracellular toxin loses its toxicity after being treated with formaldehyde, and remains immunogenic as a toxoid. Add appropriate amount of aluminum phosphate and aluminum hydroxide into the adsorption refining toxoid. Slow absorption in the body, can stimulate the body for a long time, resulting in higher titer antibodies and enhance the immune effect. Common toxoids are diphtheria toxoids and tetanus toxoids.

Artificially passive immunization

Antitoxin

2. Human immunoglobulin preparations

3. Cytokine preparations

4. Monoclonal antibody preparation

Both artificial and artificial passive immunity can increase the body's resistance to disease, but the latter's short duration is mainly used for treatment and emergency prevention.

New vaccine

1. subunit vaccine

2. Combined vaccine

3. Synthetic peptide vaccine

4. Genetic engineering vaccine

(1) Recombinant Antigen Vaccine (2) Recombinant Vector Vaccine (3) DNA/RNA Vaccine (4) Transgenic Plant Vaccine

Children's vaccination

According to the planned immunization program stipulated by our country, the baby must complete the immunization of five kinds of vaccine within one year of age, including the following:

Hepatitis B vaccine

Usually within two days of birth, 1 month, 6 months each injection 1, every 3 to 5 years to strengthen the injection once. Most currently used are genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccines, which can be used to prevent all known subtypes of hepatitis B virus infection.

Children who cannot get this kind of vaccine are: 1. Fever, acute infectious disease, otitis media, active tuberculosis, heart, liver, kidney, etc. 2. Weak system, history of allergies or epilepsy; 3. Immunosuppression in the near future Agent treatment.

BCG

BCG vaccination can prevent tuberculosis. BCG can be vaccinated after the average baby is born. If it is not vaccinated at birth, it can be vaccinated within 2 months. At the age of 3, 7 and 12 years, if the tuberculosis test is negative, multiple cropping should be performed.

If your baby suffers from these diseases, you cannot get BCG vaccines, specifically TB, acute infectious diseases, nephritis, heart disease, immunodeficiency, eczema or other skin diseases.

Polio sugar pills

Oral polio pills can prevent infantile spasms, that is, medical "polio". The white trivalent vaccines are all taken now. After birth, they are full 2 ​​months old. They are taken at the beginning of the service. After that, they are taken twice every month in January and then they are served twice. The age of 4 is increased once.

Children who cannot be vaccinated with this vaccine are: Patients with severe illness, fever or history of allergies (especially those who have a history of egg allergies) must not be vaccinated.

Baibaidu mixed preparation

The injection of Baidubai mixture can prevent whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. These three diseases can seriously threaten the health and life of children. Inoculation is generally carried out when the baby is born 3 months old. The first type of injection must be injected with 3 needles at intervals of 4 to 6 weeks, and the child is replanted at the age of 1 to 2 years.

Breaking taboos: 1. There is epilepsy, nervous system disorders and the history of the evacuation; 2. Acute infectious diseases (including recovery period) and fever were delayed injection.

measles vaccine

Injecting measles vaccine can prevent measles. The first vaccination should be repeated at the age of 8 months, to 2 years, 7 years, and 12 years.

Children with these diseases cannot be vaccinated against measles, rubella, and mumps trivalent vaccines: 1. Allergic or anaphylactoid responders to neomycin and eggs; 2. Respiratory diseases accompanied by fever, active tuberculosis, hematopathy , Etiology, etc.; 3. Patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency or receiving immunosuppressive therapy; 4. Individual or family history of convulsions and brain trauma.

Tip: Baby fever, vaccination when there is an acute infectious disease, may induce, aggravate the original condition, can not be vaccinated. Parents should take the initiative to clarify their child’s physical condition when they bring their child to prevent infections, so that doctors can correctly master contraindications, which can reduce the adverse effects of vaccination and achieve the purpose of disease prevention. In particular, BCG is a live bacterin vaccine, poliomyelitis pill, and measles vaccine are attenuated live vaccines. For those children with particularly weak physique, after the injection, children's reactions must be closely observed, and the adverse reactions of the children should be the same as other illnesses. Make a difference.

The following is a vaccine for mandatory immunity

National regulations stipulate strong immunity (forced immunization) for the vaccine must be played, ie compulsory immunization, but also free of charge, the child enrolled in the future, admission and even abroad must be handled by the vaccination certificate.

The following is a vaccine for mandatory immunity (executed on March 1, 2006):

At birth: hepatitis B vaccine (first), BCG

1-month old: Hepatitis B vaccine (second time)

2 months of age: polio vaccine (first)

3 months of age: Polio vaccine (second time), DPT (first)

4 months of age: Polio vaccine (third time), DPT (second time)

5 months old: Bai Baipei (third time)

6 months of age: hepatitis B vaccine (third), group A meningitis vaccine (first)

8 months of age: measles vaccine (first), JE vaccine (non-active first, second), (reactivation first time)

9 months of age: Group A meningococcal vaccine (second time)

18 months old: Baidubai (fourth), measles vaccine (second time)

2 years old: JE vaccine (not live for the third time), (remove the second time)

3 years old: Group A meningitis vaccine (third time)

4 years old: polio vaccine (fourth)

6 years old: JE vaccine (non-live for the fourth time), (deactivated for the third time), group A meningitis vaccine (fourth time), fine white broken (first time)

16 years old: fine broken (second time)

There are also some vaccines that do not fall within the scope of strong immunity. For example, if you have a leprosy, rubella, mumps, pneumonia, chickenpox, etc., you have to pay for it. You can choose to fight or not. Keep in mind that all vaccines that need to be collected require parental signatures before they can be vaccinated.

Vaccine response

Although the vaccine has been inactivated or attenuated, it is, after all, a protein or other antigenic substance that still causes certain stimulating effects on the human body. In fact, this is also a kind of self-protection of the human body. Just like a cold and fever, the body is defending against bacteria or viruses.

Normal reaction

Local reactions such as mild swelling and pain. An induration on the buttock after vaccination is a common phenomenon after inoculation of the adsorbent formulation.

After the vaccination systemic reactions have fever and general discomfort, the general fever is below 38.5 °C for 1 to 2 days are normal reactions. No matter whether the local or systemic normal reaction does not require special treatment, it is better to feed more water and pay more attention to rest. If you have high fever, you can take antipyretics, you can do physical cooling, eat nutritious and digestive foods, feed more water, and watch for changes.

Abnormal reaction

Local infection, aseptic abscess; fainting, rickets; rash, angioneurotic edema, anaphylactic shock, etc.

Fainting needles, anaphylactic shock should be immediately supine, head down, oral warm water or sugar water; at the same time immediately ask the doctor for emergency symptomatic treatment.

There is a rash. Desensitizers can be applied under the guidance of a doctor.

The appearance of anaphylactic shock is usually manifested as white whitishness, cold extremities, cold sweats, difficulty breathing, even unconsciousness, and convulsions within a short time after inoculation. At this point, the doctor will immediately take a subcutaneous injection of epinephrine, and observe and treat hormones and desensitization drugs. [1]

Adult injectable vaccines:

Hepatitis B vaccine, hepatitis A vaccine, pneumonia vaccine, chicken pox vaccine, leprosy vaccine, influenza vaccine, rabies vaccine, bronchitis vaccine, meningitis vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine, typhoid vaccine, dysentery vaccine, cervical cancer vaccine, cholera vaccine and many others

There are AIDS vaccines, and the H1N1 vaccine has been developed.

Biological Products

It refers to preparations for prevention, diagnosis and treatment prepared with microorganisms or their toxins, enzymes, human or animal serums, cells, and the like. Biological products for vaccination include vaccines, bacterins, and toxoids. Among them, bacterins are made from bacteria; vaccines made from viruses, rickettsia, and spirochetes are sometimes called vaccines.

Global vaccine market overview

In recent years, the global vaccine market is attracting the interest of many pharmaceutical companies, especially in the fear of a possible outbreak of flu, and the influenza vaccine market is increasingly favored. The market has grown at an average annual double-digit rate for several years, making the global influenza vaccine market expand significantly. In 2005, the size of this market was estimated to reach 1.6 billion US dollars. It is expected that the market's growth trend will continue. According to a recent report released by market research agency Datamonitor, it is predicted that by 2010, only in the world's seven major markets, the influenza vaccine market will likely exceed $3 billion.

Similarities and differences between ordinary influenza vaccine and H1N1 influenza vaccine

After the success of egg embryo culture in 1940, the U.S. military developed an anti-influenza vaccine. The flu vaccine was first listed in 1945. In 1957, a whole-virus influenza vaccine was applied on a large scale, and the vaccine consisted of inactivated whole virus particles. In 1968, influenza lysis vaccines began to be used on a large scale. In addition to the surface antigen hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, the vaccine also contained viral core and shell proteins and matrix proteins. In 1976, the subunit influenza vaccine began to be applied. It contained more pure surface antigens, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Influenza vaccines have been used for more than 60 years in the world. Currently, they are used in hundreds of millions per year. They are the most used vaccines in the world. The vaccine production process is very mature and stable, and its safety and effectiveness have also been fully realized. Verification.

In February each year, the WHO will convene an expert meeting to determine the recommended strain of influenza vaccine for the Northern Hemisphere in the next flu season. The identification of strains was inferred from the strains isolated from the global influenza surveillance network in the previous year. One, two or even three strains may be replaced in comparison with the previous year's recommended strains. In rare cases, strains will not be replaced. It is because the strains need to be replaced every year, so everyone needs to be vaccinated again every year. After manufacturers obtain strains and begin rapid production of vaccines, production is generally completed in July and August. After the vaccines are issued through batch approval, they can be listed directly for the prevention of flu season, and no clinical trials are required. At present, only a few countries require a small-scale safety verification test.

Whether it is a seasonal influenza vaccine or the current H1N1 influenza vaccine, its strains are distributed by the World Health Organization and undergo safety assessment before being distributed. There are three types of antigens in the seasonal flu vaccine: H1N1, H3N2, and B. Each antigen in the adult seasonal flu vaccine is 15 μg/dose, which means that a vaccine contains 45 μg of antigen composition. In the new H1N1 influenza vaccine, there is only one new H1N1 antigen component, and 15 μg/dose is approved for human use. Since the new influenza A H1N1 vaccine antigen component is only 1/3 of the seasonal influenza vaccine, it is theoretically assumed that the new A H1N1 influenza vaccine should be safer than the seasonal flu based on the same production process and quality standards. The vaccine is higher.

From the above description, it can be seen that the new H1N1 influenza vaccine is not a new vaccine species. It is very normal that the domestic H1N1 influenza vaccine can be launched in less than three months. Because for each manufacturer, it is equivalent to the production of an antigen component in the seasonal influenza vaccine. In the production process, it only reduces the proportion of the three antigens when mixing. The production of seasonal influenza vaccine is an antigen produced by an antigen. After producing an antigen, all antigens need to be cleared and disinfected to produce the next antigen. Therefore, the seasonal influenza vaccine production cycle is longer than the H1N1 influenza vaccine cycle.

Assumption: If this year's new A/H1N1 flu appears and is separated last year, it is very likely that the WHO recommended this new A current virus as the corresponding strain in the seasonal influenza vaccine in February this year. Seasonal influenza is included. The World Health Organization’s expert group recently recommended two suggestions for the southern hemisphere 2010 seasonal flu vaccine. One is to list the new A stream strain as the corresponding type 1 strain of the trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine, and the other The opinion is that the new alpha H1N1 as a single pandemic influenza vaccine, and then the seasonal influenza vaccine type A and beta antigens as a new bivalent seasonal influenza vaccine.

The success rate of A vaccine is very high. In China, the failure rate of A vaccine is about 0.3%, which is similar or even lower than other types of vaccines. However, any kind of vaccine can only play a role in prevention and protection, and it is impossible to completely resist it. So even if you have a vaccine, it does not mean that you will not get H1N1, so even if you have a vaccine, you must still have it. Stay in a preventive state.