Year-end inventory: 2016 magazine magazine's heavyweight breakthrough research results December 20, 2016 Source: Bio Valley We always feel that time has passed very quickly. No, November is coming to an end, and 2016 is coming to an end. We will be welcoming us in 2017, the three major international magazines 2016, Cell, Nature and Science. (CNS) still publishes a lot of highlights and intriguing research. In this article, Xiaobian first counts some of the most meaningful heavyweight highlights published by Cell Magazine in 2016, and learn with you! [1] Cell: The latest research describes the relationship between human intestinal flora and immune response DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.020 A recent study by the Massachusetts General Hospital, the MIT Broad Institute, Harvard University, and two medical centers in the Netherlands on how to influence the difference in gut microbiota in healthy humans is published in international academics. Journal on Cell . There are two other studies published in the same period on how genes and the environment affect immune responses. These studies are part of the Human Functional Genomics Program (HFGP). We all know that some people are more susceptible to infection than others; some people have autoimmune diseases, while others do not. Researchers hope to discover how genes, environmental factors, and how intestinal flora affects the immune system, how they affect people's susceptibility to disease and how they affect the immune system's response to different pathogens. In this study of the relationship between gut flora and immune response, the researchers analyzed blood and fecal samples from 500 healthy participants, hoping to find individual differences in the immune response to the pathogen, differences in gut flora, and both. How do the factors affect each other? [2] Cell: Scientists discovered key enzymes for DNA repair Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.001 Recently, a research report published in the international magazine Cell , researchers from the Australian National University and the University of Heidelberg, Germany, discovered a necessary component in the DNA repair process, which may be a new type of anti-cancer for later development. The drug provides a certain idea. Researcher Professor Tamas Fischer pointed out that when DNA is damaged, a hybrid structure composed of DNA and RNA plays an important role in repairing genetic information. RNAs are a short copy of genetic information stored in DNA; in the article, researchers It was found that the enzyme-like RNase H, which targets the mixed structure, is critical for the efficient and accurate repair of damaged DNA. The researchers said that the study may provide ideas for the later development of new drugs to target these enzymes, while new drugs can also Regulates the activity of enzymes and blocks or enhances the efficiency of the DNA repair pathway. The accumulation of mutations in the human genome is often the leading cause of age-related diseases and cancer; the deeper our understanding of DNA repair pathways, the more we can take measures to regulate these repair pathways, and it is likely to develop preventive Measures to reduce the rate of accumulation of multiple mutations. [3] Cell: A major breakthrough! New molecules effectively remove fat from the liver and blood Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.014 In a new study, researchers from the Munich Center in Helmholtz, Germany, and the Technical University of Munich developed a "smart" drug to safely remove fat from the liver and prevent vascular occlusion. Just like a Trojan horse, the drug uses a trick to get into the liver: it uses a pancreatic hormone called glucagon as a running tool to transport thyroid hormone T3 to the liver while keeping it away from others. Organs, thus improving cholesterol and lipid metabolism, while avoiding the typical side effects of thyroid hormone production. The relevant research results were published online in the Cell Journal on October 6, 2016, and the title of the paper is "Chemical Hybridization of Glucagon and Thyroid Hormone Optimizes Therapeutic Impact for Metabolic Disease". The rising levels of obesity and diabetes represent a major burden for our society. Fatty liver and atherosclerosis are common consequences of these metabolic diseases, but developing an efficient and safe drug that reverses obesity, insulin resistance, fatty liver and atherosclerosis remains a major global Scientific challenge. In this new study, by the metabolism expert Matthias Tsch? An international team led by p (Helmholtz Munich Center/Munich University of Technology), Richard diMarchi (University of Indiana, USA) and Timo Müller (Helmholtz Munich Center) reported the use of glucagon for liver-specific thyroid hormones T3 delivery prevents obesity, glucose intolerance, fatty liver and atherosclerosis without causing side effects to other tissues. Brian Finan, co-first author of the paper, said, "Although T3 has been known to reduce cholesterol for centuries, its harmful effects (especially for bones and cardiovascular systems) have so far limited its medical applications. †[4] Cell: Rewrite the meaning of 朊 protein! Prion protein can also transmit beneficial traits Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.017 Prion is well known as a causative agent for fatal brain dysfunction such as mad cow disease. In a new study, researchers from the Stanford University School of Medicine found that prion protein can help yeast survive and deliver beneficial traits to their offspring. The results of the study were published in the October 6th issue of the Cell Journal, entitled "Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Drive Emergence and Inheritance of Biological Traits." This study suggests that in yeast - possibly other organisms such as humans - protein-based inheritance is broader than previously thought and may play a role in evolution. Dr. Daniel Jarosz, assistant professor of chemical and systems biology at Stanford University School of Medicine and assistant professor of developmental biology, said, "There is a paradox in evolution. We know that there are quite a few mechanisms to protect the integrity of the genetic code. And make sure it is faithfully passed on to future generations. But we also know that evolutionary success requires adaptability. How can you make this demand consistent with the fact that the raw materials used to acquire new features are limited?" [5] Cell: Using CAR-T cells as a micro-pharmaceutical plant to treat B-cell lymphoma Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.032 Recent advances in the use of immunotherapy and genetically engineered chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) have excited people. Historically, CAR-T cell immunotherapy has been designed to give immune cells the information they need to better identify tumor cells as foreign and attack them, thereby enhancing the immune system. In a new study, Dr. Hans-Guido Wendel from the US Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Karin Tarte from Rennes First University in France, and colleagues elucidated the undeveloped targets of CAR-T cells. The role of transport carriers - that is, the potential for "micro-pharmacies" for precise therapeutic transport. The results of the study were published online in the September issue of Cell , entitled "Loss of the HVEM Tumor Suppressor in Lymphoma and Restoration by Modified CAR-T Cells". This research has helped people identify a potentially new lymphoma therapy. For the first time, the researchers identified a critical pathway that is disrupted in approximately 75% of human follicular lymphoma, a subtype of B-cell lymphoma: approximately 50% of the HVEM receptor gene A mutation occurred in the case. These mutations disrupt the interaction between an inhibitory receptor called BTLA that causes lymphoma growth and a supporting microenvironment. [6]Cell: For the first time in 40 years, AML leukemia treatment for new drugs Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.057 In a new study, researchers from the Massachusetts General Hospital and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute identified a drug compound that blocks the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mice, where AML is A bone marrow cancer, and people have not developed new drugs for this cancer for the past 40 years. The results of the study were published online in the September issue of the journal Cell , entitled "Inhibition of Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Overcomes Differentiation Blockade in Acute Myeloid Leukemia". The author of the paper was David Sykes, deputy director of the Center for Regenerative Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, and David Scadden, director. When hematopoietic stem cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells are unable to differentiate into adult white blood cells but in an immature state, AML is produced. These immature cells occupy space in the bone marrow and squeeze healthy cells out, making it harder for the growing number of healthy blood cells to catch up with the body. Current therapies aim to kill leukemia cells with toxic compounds -- powerful drugs -- and eventually attack the body and destroy the immune system, making patients prone to potentially fatal bacterial infections and Fungal infection. [7] Cell: New mouse model technology or accelerated development of HIV vaccine Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.029 Recently, researchers from institutions such as Boston Children's Hospital have developed a new technology that can quickly generate mouse models for scientists to test and develop HIV vaccines, such as research models or accelerate researcher development. The AIDS vaccine process, and the researchers hope to develop HIV strains that can produce a wide range of neutralizing antibodies against any mutations, the study was published in the international magazine Cell . HIV can frequently change the coat protein of its virus, effectively evading the neutralization of the human immune system. When a part of HIV-infected people are exposed to HIV for many years and produce a broad-spectrum neutralizing HIV antibody in the body, they can usually promote immunity. The system modifies the antibody to catch up with the virus. Humans first make precursor antibodies, which are then matured by mutation and natural selection, and eventually become protective antibodies over time. Researcher Frederick Alt said that this is a long-term process involving multiple intermediate antibodies that is critical for researchers to design HIV vaccines to protect uninfected individuals. Only a small percentage of patients are currently able to produce broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies, and once antibodies are produced, the virus integrates into the genome of patient T cells. [8] Cell: Heavy! Revealing the Mechanism of Oxygen Inhibition Cancer Immunotherapy Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.032 In a new study, researchers from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) identified an anti-cancer immune response in the lungs of mice. The mechanism in which the lungs are a common site of metastasis for many cancers. This ability to detect oxygen in immune cells by genetic or pharmaceutical means prevents lung metastasis. The results of the study were published in the August 25, 2016 issue of Cell , entitled "Oxygen Sensing by T Cells Establishes an Immunologically Tolerant Metastatic Niche." One of the co-authors of the paper was Dr. Nicholas Restifo from the NCI Cancer Research Center. Cancer metastasis is the cause of most cancer deaths. It has long been speculated that this cancer metastasis process requires cooperation between diffuse cancer cells and the cellular environment to which they spread. A key component of this cellular environment is the localized immune system, which acts to fight invasive cancer cells. Scientists have discovered that as an immune cell type, T cells contain a group of proteins that detect oxygen, which act to limit lung inflammation. However, this new study shows that oxygen also inhibits the anti-tumor activity of T cells, thus allowing cancer cells that have spread to the lungs to evade immune detection and establish metastatic cancer cell colonies. [9] Cell: Stem cell division does increase cancer risk Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.045 Computational studies published in the past few years have suggested different major risk factors for cancer, ranging from random mutations in stem cells to environmental carcinogens. In a new study, researchers from the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, and the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom tested these theories in mice and found that mutations in stem cells do play a significant role. effect. The results of the study were published in the August 25, 2016 issue of Cell , titled "Multi-organ Mapping of Cancer Risk." Richard Gilbertson, co-author of the paper and director of the UK Cancer Research Centre at Cambridge University, said, “A view has been popular in the scientific community for several years – some people say that cancer is 'bad luck' because the mutations in stem cells are accidental However, others claim that environmental carcinogens play a more important role in cancer production. This inconsistency is mainly due to the use of different mathematical models to study existing human cancer and stem cell data, so it is difficult to sort out the impact of individual factors. Therefore, we tested these different perspectives in real experimental models in which we studied individual factors that may contribute to cancer production." [10] Cell: Challenge the routine! The brain actively takes blood sugar Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.028 In a new study, researchers from institutions such as the Munich University of Technology in Germany found that our brains actively take glucose from the blood. Until now, scientists around the world thought it was a passive process. In this new study, they reported that the transport of glucose (ie, blood sugar) in the blood to the brain is regulated by so-called glial cells that respond to hormones such as insulin or leptin, but before People think that this situation can only be directed at neurons. The results of the study were published in the August 11, 2016 issue of Cell , entitled "Astrocytic Insulin Signaling Couples Brain Glucose Uptake with Nutrient Availability." The increasing incidence of obesity and the spread of type 2 diabetes associated with obesity represent a major challenge for our society. There are currently no safe and effective drugs to prevent or prevent the development of this disease. The inability to develop sufficiently good therapies is thought to stem primarily from the fact that the molecular mechanisms controlling systemic metabolism are still largely unknown. [11] Cell: Heavy! Quantitative detection of intact human proteomes for the first time in history Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.041 In a new study, researchers from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) and the American Institute of Systems Biology developed human SRMAtlas (Human SRMAtlas), targeted recognition and reproducible quantitative prediction. A compilation of highly specific mass spectrometric methods for all proteins in the human proteome, including many splice variants, non-synonymous mutations, and post-translational modifications. Using a technique called selective reaction monitoring (SRM), the researchers developed these assays using 166,174 well-known proteotypic peptides. The results of the study were published in the July 28, 2016 issue of Cell , entitled "Human SRMAtlas: A Resource of Targeted Assays to Quantify the Complete Human Proteome." The first author of the paper is Dr. Ulrike Kusebauch from the American Institute of Systems Biology. The author of the paper is Professor Robert Moritz from the American Institute of Systems Biology and Ruedi Aebersold from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. The SRMAtlas resource is available free of charge at http:// and will help to conduct focused, hypothetically driven and large proteomic scale studies fairly. Researchers expect that this resource will greatly accelerate the development of protein-based laboratory biology to help understand disease transformation and health trajectory, because it is now theoretically possible to identify and quantify any human protein in any sample. [12] Cell: Cow! A single gene can help fight the development of neurodegenerative diseases Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.001 Recently, a research report published in the international magazine Cell , researchers from Glasgow University revealed through research that how cells protect themselves from the production of "protein clusters", which are caused by The root cause of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease; the researchers in this study revealed the special role of the gene UBQLN2 and how the gene helps the body remove toxic protein aggregates. Free from the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases. In the article, using biochemistry, cell biology, and complex mouse models, the researchers found that the main function of the gene UBQLN2 is to help cells clear dangerous protein aggregates, which can first entangle protein aggregates, followed by The aggregation of late proteins is inhibited by breaking up these aggregates. The formation of protein agglomerates is part of the body's natural aging process, but its normal entanglement and processing is done by the gene UBQLN2; however, when the gene is mutated or fails, it no longer helps the cells clear. These toxic protein aggregates can cause neurodegenerative diseases. [13] Cell: Why is it too late to sleep that people feel sleepy enough? Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.013 Recently, researchers at Johns Hopkins University in the United States have found a brain cell associated with sleep impulsivity in fruit flies, or may explain the cause of chronic sleepiness caused by prolonged sleep. Although Drosophila and humans are very different in appearance, they still share many of the same genes and even behaviors with humans, so this study may provide new insights for solving human sleep disorders. The relevant research results were published in the international academic journal Cell . In this study, in order to find cells that regulate sleep, the researchers used genetic engineering techniques to activate a small number of neurons in more than 500 Drosophila strains, followed by detection of sleep in Drosophila. Some of these strains of fruit flies continue to sleep for a few hours, and even remain drowsy after turning off neuronal cells, suggesting that they have found cells that trigger sleep impulses. The researchers then used fluorescence microscopy to identify and localize cells that induce sleep impulsivity in the Drosophila brain. It was found that this cell called R2 neurons exists in an ellipsoidal structure. [14] Cell: Memory is also heritable Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.057 Scientists have recently discovered that our life experiences may be passed on to offspring or grandchildren, and that this genetic function can be turned on or off. Epigenetics is the discipline that studies genetic changes in gene expression. Although some mutations can be inherited, they are not caused by changes in the DNA itself. For example, our life experience is not controlled by DNA coding, but this information can also be passed on to our children genetically. A recent study found that individuals who have been traumatized will have some related effects in their offspring. This phenomenon can not help but raise a question, how is this "memory" inherited? Researchers from Tel Aviv University want to clarify this issue, and they find that they can “initiate†or “close†the intergenerational inheritance of environmental influences through external intervention. The results were published in the journal Cell , and the lead authors were Oded Rechavi and others from the Life College of Tel Aviv University and the Sagol Neuroscience Academy. [15] Cell: Major discovery! Scientists first discovered that lung tumors can block liver metabolism Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.039 A group of researchers from the University of California, Irvine, have long studied how the circadian rhythm of the body controls the function of the liver. Now they have discovered that cancerous lung tumors can intercept the process of controlling the function of the liver by changing the circadian clock and altering the function of the liver. Related research published in the journal Cell , the first study of the researchers showed that lung adenocarcinoma can affect the body's biological clock control of the body's lipid metabolism and insulin and glucose sensitivity. Researcher Paolo Sassone-Corsi said that rodent studies have found that lung adenocarcinoma can send signals to the liver through an inflammatory response, and this signal reconnects to the circadian rhythm mechanism that controls the body's metabolic pathways, ultimately in inflammation. Under the influence of sexual effects, the signaling pathway of insulin in the liver is affected, resulting in a decrease in glucose tolerance and reorganization of lipid metabolism. Researcher Masri believes that lung tumors can control the circadian rhythm metabolism in the liver, potentially enhancing the metabolic requirements of cancer cells. The researchers believe that the distal connections between metabolic tissues do not occur only in the liver, and this is Reveals a systematic metabolic reorganization in the body. [16] Cell: Tumor immunization big cow Zou Weiping reveals the relationship between tumor immunity and chemotherapy 10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.009 Recently, the research team led by Chinese scientist Zou Weiping from the University of Michigan published a new research progress in the international academic journal Cell . They found that effector T cells in the tumor microenvironment can enhance the chemotherapeutic resistance mediated by weakening the basal cells. The effect of chemotherapy drugs. Professor Zou Weiping is a Chinese scientist who has made outstanding achievements in the field of life sciences. His fields of expertise include tumor, immunity, inflammation and translational medicine. He has made a series of important achievements in the research and application of interaction between tumor and immune system. Effector T cells and fibroblasts are the two major cellular components that make up the tumor microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment is considered to be an important cause of cancer cells' resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, but it remains unclear how effector T cells and fibroblasts affect the resistance of chemotherapeutic drugs. [17] Cell: Scientists clarify the new mechanism of cancer immune surveillance Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.002 Recently, researchers published a research paper entitled "Cancer Immunosurveillance by Tissue-Resident Innate Lymphoid Cells and Innate-like T Cells" in the international magazine Cell . In the article, the researchers revealed a new mechanism of tumor immune surveillance. Understanding the mechanisms by which the body's immune system affects the process of tumor formation may help us understand the new ideas in immunology research. As early as the 1860s, researchers discovered that cancers have chronic inflammation sites, and researchers Rudolf Virchow later proposed A leukocyte-promoting function, but in the early part of the last century, scientists concluded that in the long-lived animal body, a protective immune response seems to inhibit cancer; as of the 1950s, about cancer The hypothesis of immune surveillance was formally proposed, and this was attributed to the rational function of adaptive cellular immunity in eliminating mutant cells. [18] Cell: Scientists reveal major discoveries in early human embryonic development! Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.03.023 Recently, scientists from Caroline College and Ludwig Cancer Institute conducted a detailed molecular analysis of embryos in the first week of development through joint research. The results showed that human and mouse embryo development processes are quite comparable. Large differences, and genes on the X chromosome are regulated in different ways; the results of the study are published in the internationally renowned magazine Cell . Early human embryo development is very difficult to study. At present, our well-known knowledge comes from the study of mice. In the first week after fertilization, egg cells develop from a single cell to a blastocyst, which contains 200 to 300 cells. Hollow cell clusters, at the same time, three cell types appear: nourishing ectoderm, which can produce placenta; endoderm, which can form embryonic endoderm; embryonic cells, which make up the embryo itself. If the embryo is adsorbed to the wall of the uterus, it indicates that the pregnancy process has begun. These three types of cells must mature at the right time, but what is the order of development and the specific cell in the human body? Type, the researchers are still not clear. [19] Cell: Scientists reveal why humans can walk upright Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.007 Recently, researchers from institutions such as Stanford University have identified a change in gene expression in humans and primate organisms. This change may help reveal the mystery of human upright walking. At the same time, the researchers are still A fish called the three-spotted fish has been studied. This fish can evolve a completely different skeletal structure to cope with environmental changes. The research is published in the internationally renowned magazine Cell . In the article, the researcher Dr. David Kingsley said that a research project from fish research to humans seems to be unusual, but it is clear that this change in the expression level of bone morphogenetic protein molecules may lead to significant changes, Not just the changes in the bones of the spines, it also affects the changes in the lower extremities of humans and primates, and this change can help explain why we can evolve the hind legs like chimpanzees to help the body bear weight and make us walk upright. . [20] Cell: Rewrite textbooks! Missing some essential genes, the cells still survive! Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.069 In a new study, researchers from the Singapore Institute of Science and Technology (A*STAR) found that yeast cells survived even if they lacked some of the "essential" genes. This surprising discovery has had a major impact on understanding how cells adapt to challenging environments and address drug resistance. Related research results were recently published in the journal Cell , entitled "Gene Essentiality Is a Quantitative Property Linked to Cellular Evolvability." Prior to this, the essential gene was defined as a gene that plays a crucial role in cell survival. This textbook definition became the basis of many treatments: drugs were developed to block the essential genes in cancer cells and pathogenic bacteria, killing these dangerous cells. Now, in this study, Giulia Rancati, Norman Pavelka, and colleagues from the A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology and the Singapore Immunology Network confirmed that this situation is not so clear. They found that at a given time, yeast cells were able to undergo evolutionary processes, allowing them to adapt to the lack of certain genes previously thought to be necessary. Viral Transportation Medium Tube
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Year-end inventory: 2016 magazine magazine's heavyweight breakthrough research results
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