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How to prevent eggplant verticillium wilt
In recent days, Liu Huanjing from Jingjia Village in Tangwang Town, Licheng District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, and Tian Mingliang from Tianjia Village in Yaoqiang Town reported that their eggplants were showing signs of wilting and yellowing leaves. They requested an on-site inspection and assistance in resolving the issue. On the same day, I visited the eggplant fields of both Liu Huanjing and Tian Mingliang and observed that many plants had already started to show symptoms of yellowing and wilting—clear signs of Verticillium wilt, a common and severe soil-borne disease in eggplants.
Verticillium wilt is one of the most destructive diseases affecting eggplants. Once it takes hold, it is extremely difficult to manage, and if left unchecked, it can lead to widespread crop loss. The disease often becomes noticeable after the plants have started fruiting, with symptoms worsening significantly during the fruiting stage. Initially, the middle and lower leaves turn yellow or chlorotic, gradually spreading upward, causing parts of the plant to wither and die. This condition is commonly referred to as "half crazy" because only half of the plant is affected. In severe cases, the entire plant may dry up, leaving only a pale stem. When the roots and stems are peeled, the vascular tissue inside turns brown, which is why it's also known as "black heart disease."
The primary cause of Verticillium wilt is the pathogen *Verticillium dahliae*, which survives in the soil for many years, especially in the form of mycelium, chlamydospores, and pseudosclerotia. These pathogens remain in the soil even after the infected plant residue decomposes, and they can persist for 6 to 8 years. The infection usually enters through root wounds, but it can also penetrate through the radicle or root hairs, spreading within the plant’s vascular system. Continuous cropping or poor crop rotation increases the risk of infection, as the soil accumulates more pathogens over time.
Temperature plays a significant role in the development of the disease. The optimal temperature range for disease progression is between 20°C and 25°C. If the average daily temperature remains below 15°C for extended periods during the growth cycle, the disease tends to become more severe. Conversely, temperatures above 28°C can suppress the disease.
Other factors such as heavy clay soils, saline-alkaline conditions, double cropping, excessive nitrogen application, root damage, shallow planting, transplanting under intense sunlight, and cracked soil can all contribute to the outbreak of Verticillium wilt. Watering during cold weather is particularly risky, as it creates favorable conditions for the pathogen to thrive.
To prevent and control the disease, it is recommended to apply microbial agents at the time of transplanting, using about 20–30 kg per acre. Before the disease appears, you can use "Micro Multi-Purpose" at a dilution of 300 times, applying it directly to the roots. It should be combined with foliar sprays. For prevention, a mixture of thiazole zinc (400 times) and natural alizarin "Shu-Feng 481" (6000 times) can be sprayed on the leaves every 8–10 days, with up to 2–3 applications. For plants that have already shown symptoms, it's important to isolate those with root rot. For early-stage cases, you can apply "Micro Multi-Purpose" diluted 300 times or thiazole zinc diluted 400 times around the roots. Alternatively, solutions like 50% aluminum chloride (300 times) or 60% aluminum sulfate (500 times) can be used for irrigation. Early intervention is key to managing this devastating disease effectively.
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