Strawberry cultivation technology

Strawberry cultivation technology

1 Grasping the foundation to ensure early ripening of strawberries and high-yield 1.1.1 The selection of planted early-maturing varieties of early maturing varieties of fruit matures quickly and has a strong price advantage (the selling price is more than twice normal). The selection of suitable early-maturing varieties is the key to ensuring high returns. From the results of many years of trial planting, Fengxiang and Saga Suixiang (newly introduced Japanese varieties, the Japanese name ""), ghost Nugan, Zhang Ji, Tudela, Xingxiang, and Bengweng women are relatively adaptable. In addition to showing high yields, good quality, and disease resistance, the climate in the Guangxi region also shows early flower bud differentiation, early flowering, and rapid fruit ripening. In particular, the Saga Suixiang and Fengxiang cultivars can be marketed in large numbers in the open season in Guangxi in the open season, and they can be used as the preferred varieties for early cultivation in open field. Ghost anger Gan, Zhang Ji and Tudela are generally 5 to 10 days later than Fengxiang, and Xixiang and Biao women are generally 10 to 15 days later than Fengxiang and can be used as collocations. 1.2 Planting high-quality, large seedlings, high-quality and large-scale seedlings have more nutrient accumulation, high survival rate after planting, early rooting, rapid growth, good growth, and strong resistance to diseases and insect pests, which is conducive to obtaining early maturing and high yield of strawberries. Judging from the test results of Tudela, the fruit ripening period of the large planting seedlings (5 large leaves, seedling weight 31g) was earlier than the small seedlings (4 leaflets, seedling weight 19g) 6 days earlier, and the yield was 20.2% higher. The standard of high-quality strawberry seedlings: the plants are dwarf, without pests and diseases, the seedlings have a fresh weight of 25g or more, and the shortened stems are thick (more than 0.8cm in diameter). The roots are well developed, with 4 to 5 leaves, and the leaves are large in color and green, and the center is full of buds. . When conditions permit, it is best to use high-quality seedlings that have been detoxified by tissue culture. The use of virus-free seedlings generally yields 15% to 30% more than non-detoxified seedlings. 1.3 Early planting at the right time, timely planting at reasonable and early planting time can ensure that strawberries have enough time for vegetative growth before flowering results, and form robust plants as soon as possible, so as to enable early flowering of strawberries, early maturation, and higher yields. According to the trial, in Nanning, Guangxi, Fengxiang's mature listing period for planting on September 25 was 8 days earlier than the planting date on October 15. The yield was 12.5% ​​higher; Tudela, planted on November 1, was higher than October 15. In the 22nd day after the maturity of the daily planting planting period, the yield was reduced by 31.6%. After many years of trial planting, in Guangxi in late September to mid-October (average daily temperature of 25 ~ 26 °C) for the appropriate period of strawberry planting. During this period, planting should be done as early as possible. In order to obtain high yields, the planting method should be planted in a double-row triangular planting manner, with plant spacing (18-20 cm30cm), cabin width 60cm, furrow width 30cm, and 7400-8200 plants per 667 plants. 2 When planting techniques are strictly controlled and the rate of dead seedlings is reduced, planting techniques must be strictly controlled. The first is to grasp the depth of planting. In accordance with the "deep not buried, shallow roots" and "Ning shallow not deep," the principle of planting, so that the height of the seedlings about 0.5cm above the ground is appropriate. According to experiments, the seedling rate of shallow planting can reach 99.5%. The second is to infuse the rooting water in time and cover the shade net to ensure the survival rate. In particular, on sunny days, it is necessary to “plant a section of water for a period of time and cover it for a period of time”. The third is the purchase of long-distance or overnight seedlings, the application of yellow mud pulp before planting to facilitate survival. The fourth is a kind of logistic irrigation. Strawberry seedlings that have just been planted are not tolerant to drought and are easily killed by drought. Within 7 days after the strawberry is planted, be sure to supply enough water. Normally, irrigation (water) is applied once a day in the morning. In case of cloudy days, irrigation can be performed every other day. After 7 days, the seedlings basically resumed growth and the drought resistance increased, and the number of irrigation (leafing) waters can be appropriately reduced later. 3 The implementation of high-efficiency labor and fertilizer application of basal fertilizer will enable strawberry roots and plants to receive sufficient nutrients in a timely manner throughout the entire growth and development period. On the one hand, it is beneficial to the growth, flowering and fruit of the strawberry, and is conducive to achieving early knot, high yield and high quality. On the other hand, it can reduce the number of top dressings and labor, and play a role in saving costs and increasing profits. However, strawberries are not fat-tolerant. If a large amount of basal fertilizer is applied once in the whole compartment, it can easily cause the death of the colonization seedlings, reduce the survival rate, lightly suppress the growth, and slow the growth of the plants. To this end, the author will be in the production of many places in the customary method of base fertilizer fertilization - full-layer fertilization method (i.e. after the basal fertilization after the whole garden is applied, after ploughing, after the uniform compartment) to "layered fertilization method ". Stratified fertilization methods include "sandwich" and "shallow-ditch" fertilization. "Sandwich" fertilization: In the whole compartment, the basal fertilizer is applied to the middle compartment. That is, after deep-casting the garden, finely leveling and screeding, lay the lime in accordance with the given box width (60cm) and groove width (30cm), and spread a layer of compost and compound fertilizer (1 to 2cm thick) evenly on the surface of the box. , Do not spread fertilizer in the ditch, and then will be placed in the ditch of loose soil placed on the surface of the car, and finally the entire surface of fine crushing width 55 ~ 60cm, height 25 ~ 30cm of the planting box. About 1500kg of compost and 30kg of compound fertilizer were applied per 667? The “sandwich type fertilization” method is used to apply the base fertilizer and the whole compartment, which can avoid direct contact between the planting seedlings and the fertilizer, so as to avoid the occurrence of fertilizer damage, and the survival rate of the planting is as high as 99.5%. "Shallow-channel" fertilization: 2 to 3 weeks after planting, the basal fertiliser is applied to the surface soil. That is, in the inter-row and inter-row rows, open compost and compound fertilizer are applied in open shallow ditch (5 to 7 cm). After fertilization, the mixture is mixed with the soil, and the soil is backfilled. Generally, every 667 application rate is 1000 kg of composted compost and 20 kg of compound fertilizer. This "shallow ditch" fertilization method is more labor-efficient than the "hole-style" fertilization method (that is, drilling deep-hole fertilization between plants) that is commonly used in many places. “Layered fertilization method”, adequate fertilization, wide fertilization, high fertilizer use efficiency, and long fertilizer efficiency period can not only greatly reduce the number of top dressings in the middle and late stages (only 25 to 30 days of application of water and fertilizer can be applied), but also for each strawberry. The growth of layer roots and the growth, flowering, and fruiting of strawberry in the middle and later stages are all very favorable, showing good growth and high yield. 4 The implementation of plastic film coverage to reduce soil management workers to implement plastic film coverage on the soil moisture retention and inhibition of weed growth have a good effect, can reduce soil management labor. Covering the plastic film is generally suitable for the strawberry budding from flowering to flowering. It is best to use in mid-late and late November in Nanning, Guangxi. It should not be too early or too late. Coverage is too early, and since the soil temperature is too high, it is not conducive to the growth of roots and plants, even the phenomenon of “burning seedlings”, and it is also not conducive to early soil management and fertilization. Coverage is too late, not conducive to soil insulation, will affect the growth of roots and plants, but also not conducive to soil moisture, weed control, fruit disease prevention and clean fruit production. The mulching film used for covering is usually a black film, a white black double film or a silver black double film, and a transparent film is not suitable. 5 Comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases, reducing the cost of prevention and control The diseases of strawberry are mainly snake eye disease (spot disease), powdery mildew, gray mold, and root rot. The pests mainly include red spider, leaf aphid and aphid. Prevention and control of pests and diseases should be based on comprehensive prevention and early prevention and early control, so as to achieve a multiplier effect and reduce the cost of prevention and control. The first is to do a good job in soil rotation (using paddy-upland rotation or two sweet corns as an option). The selected planting resistant varieties and high-quality large seedlings without pests and diseases, using completely decomposed and sterilized compost, reasonably dense planting, appropriate Shallow planting, do a good job of garden drainage, timely removal of pests and leaves and diseased fruit, timely harvest and other agricultural control measures to prevent and control the occurrence of pests and diseases. The second is for high incidence of strawberry diseases and pests, such as powdery mildew, snake eye disease, gray mold and red spider, etc., early spraying pesticides for early prevention and early control, the eradication of the disease in the initial stage. When spraying pesticides to prevent and treat strawberry diseases, low-toxic and high-efficiency pesticides must be used. Can use the world high 4000 times liquid, 25% Triadimefon 1500 times to control powdery mildew, use 70% mancozeb 800 times, 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times to prevent snake eye disease, choose 50% acetaminophen 800 times liquid , 50% Suo Ke Ling 1000 times liquid prevention and control of gray mold, use 1.8% Qi Qi Su (Afding) 3000 times liquid, 25% triazotite (Belak) 1000 times control the red spider, use 80% dichlorvos 1,000 times liquid, 40.7% chlorpyrifos (Lopspen) 1000 times control leaf aphids and aphids. 6 Strengthen fruit and fruit management, improve fruit quality In the strawberry plant management, in addition to the basic work of timely removal of diseased leaves, old leaves, stalks, and other basic tasks, we must focus on the following management of flower and fruit. The first is to promote fruit coloring and improve quality. Method: a, spray cloth "90%" to extend the handle, so that the fruit receives light well. Usually in each batch of flower buds appeared 60% to 70% or 1-2 hours when the flower stalk is carried out, spraying 9205 ~ 10mg/L, about 5ml per leaf center, 7 days after spraying again. After the temperature rises in March, it can no longer be dealt with. b. Separate the flower and the leaves to improve the light conditions of the flowers and fruits. That is, the string is pulled at both ends of the car, and the leaves are stopped in the middle of the car. The plants are then fixed on both sides and then the bamboo pieces are fixed to make the flowers stand out of the car. c, spray foliar fertilizer. Generally, 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate + green 1500 times is sprayed once a week before and after the fruit starts to be stained. In the production, the above three methods must be implemented in combination to achieve good results. The second is to carry out thinning and thinning fruit, reduce the rate of malformed fruit, and increase the weight of single fruit and fruit quality. Mainly early removal of poorly-developed florets, small branches, weak fruits, malformed fruits, and pests and fruits. Generally, the number of fruits per plant per group is 12 to 15 and it is advisable to keep a small number of suitable plants. 7 Emphasis on harvesting and post-harvest treatment to increase the value of the commodity When the strawberry fruit is too ripe, its storage and transportation resistance is reduced, and it is perishable on the surface of the box, causing gray mold. Therefore, when ripening, the strawberry fruit should be timely harvested. Cooked with mining. Fresh fruit is usually harvested at 89% maturity. During the period of high temperature from March to May, it should be harvested at 70-80% maturity, but it should not be harvested prematurely, otherwise it will reduce the fruit quality. Picking should be done gently, gently, and gently. The berry should be taken with 1 to 2 cm stalks. Do not damage the pods. After the dew has dried in the morning, harvest it before the hot sun and high temperature. In order to improve the commodity value of the strawberry and ensure the consistent quality of the fruit, the grading and packaging are to be processed immediately after harvesting. According to varieties, fruit size, color, fruit shape classification, and then loaded into a transparent plastic box, each small box 100 ~ 200g, then placed in the box, separated anti-corrosion paper, you can loading and transport.

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