Progress and Prospect of Super Wheat Research

1 The origin of super wheat

In 1983, Japan announced a 12-year rice breeding program for super-high yield. The plan proposes that within 12 years, the new rice variety with a yield increase of 50% per 667m2 compared to Japan's national average will increase the output per 667m2 of Japanese rice from more than 300kg at that time to more than 500kg. This new rice variety that can increase production by 50% was called super-high yield rice at the time. In 1984, the author made a detailed report and commentary on this ultra-high yield rice breeding program [1]. Since then, China has successively carried out rice super-high yield breeding, and has achieved great success. In recent years, Mr. Yuan Longping has renamed super-high yield rice as super rice, which is more suitable for China's national conditions.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the author published some articles on the breeding of super high-yield wheat [2–4] and began to conduct research in this area. This work has always been supported by the Beijing Science and Technology Commission and the Beijing Municipal Education Commission. Between 1992 and 1996, the Wheat Research Section of Beijing Agricultural College successively bred Beinong 6, Beinong 9 and Beinong 10. Their production level was 550-600kg/667m2, which compared with the average 300-350kg/667m2 wheat in Beijing at that time belonged to super-high yield wheat varieties.

From 1997 to 1999, they successively bred cultivars such as Chaoyou 66, Chaoyou 69, Beinong 49 and Beinong 30. These varieties are not only of good quality, but also have yield levels of 550 to 650 kg/667 m2, which are called high quality super-high yield wheat varieties. . In 2000, in order to be consistent with the super rice formulation, it was renamed Super Wheat.

2 Main features of Super Wheat

Super wheat should have high quality, super high yield, dwarf resistance, strong resistance and adaptability, and efficient use of resources.

(1) High quality. Broadly speaking, under the conditions of market economy, all grain traits that can increase the selling price of wheat belong to high-quality traits. Grains containing high-quality traits in grains are high-quality wheat. High quality traits mainly include the following four aspects:

1 High nutrition, such as high protein content;

2 It can be used as special powder, such as bread flour, biscuit powder, etc. This is the main content of our country's current high-quality wheat development;

3 Good processing quality, such as high bulk density and high powder yield;

4 tablets full, beautiful color. Such as Beinong 184 and Beinong 48, horny white granules, full, beautiful color, grain weight up to 57 ~ 60g, compared with other varieties, the seed price can be increased by 20% to 30%.

(2) Large and large panicles, super high yield, yield levels of 550 to 600 kg/667 m2.

Wheat super-high yield has two standards: First, in areas with an average yield of 333.3kg/667m2 or more, the yield per unit area of ​​new varieties is about 50% higher than the local average. Beijing's wheat is about 300-350kg/667m2 in recent years. The yield levels of super-optimized 66, super-excellent 69, Beinong 49, and Beinong 30 wheat varieties we selected were 550-600 kg/667 m2, which met the requirements for super-high yield. Second, in regions with less than 333.3kg/667m2, the output level of new super wheat varieties should reach 500kg/667m2 or more. The output level is based on actual acceptance of the output of the experts, rather than the point-of-production test. Acceptance plot area is above 10000m2. At least 5 on-site inspections by experts shall be conducted during the inspection and acceptance. The continuous harvest area shall be over 1000m2, and the harvested area shall be 3m above the ground and 10m above the ground. Ditches and fields are included in the area, while deducting moisture and impurities. Super wheat spikes are larger than 35 grains per panicle (some are up to 45 grains), and grain weight is above 50g (the southern region can be lowered more).

(3) Stalk short, strong resistance to lodging. The height of super wheat is mostly 70-75cm, culms are hard, and lodging is strong. Even at 550-600kg/667m2, the risk of lodging is small. Because the super wheat culm and spikelets are large and the grain size is large, their economic coefficients are more than 50% to 60%.

(4) Cold resistance, disease resistance, and wide adaptability. Anti-premature, good yellowing, earlier maturity.

(5) Efficient use of resources (such as land, water, fertilizer, energy, etc.).

3 The importance of developing super wheat

Because super wheat has the characteristics of high quality, super high yield, dwarf resistance, strong resistance and wide adaptability, it can efficiently use resources, especially land, water, fertilizer, energy and management workers, which will help promote China's agricultural structure. Adjust and promote the return of farmland to forests, grasses, landscaping and beautification.

(1) Significantly save wheat land and save land resources. Super wheat yields 30% to 50% more than normal wheat under intensive cultivation. Therefore, under the premise that the total output remains unchanged, it can significantly save land. It is conducive to promoting the adjustment of agricultural structure and returning farmland to forests and grasslands, which is conducive to afforestation and beautification of the country. On the other hand, if we want to return large amounts of land to forestry, grassland, greening and beautification, we must develop high-quality super-high-yield crop varieties, especially super rice and super wheat, so that we can use less land to meet the needs of many people.

(2) Save water resources. Practice has proved that super wheat varieties can obtain super-high yield under the same irrigation conditions as common wheat varieties, and can save 30% to 50% of water for every 1kg of wheat produced. Make efficient use of limited water resources. Some super wheat varieties such as Chaoyou 69 can obtain 550-600kg/667m2 of super-high yield under normal irrigation, and can also reach 450kg/667m2 under water-saving cultivation (only pouring one water on the basis of pouring winter water). This is a kind of water-saving high-quality super-high yield wheat varieties.

(3) Save management labor and energy.

(4) Reduce straw consumption. The economic coefficient of super wheat varieties is as high as 50% to 60%, while that of ordinary wheat varieties is only 37% to 42%. For example, the economic coefficient of Beinong 6 is 54%, and that of Chaoyou 69 is 57.2%. In this way, when the yield of ground air-dried material is 1000kg, the grain yield of Ultra-Excellent 69 is 572kg and the straw is 428kg; while the grain yield of common wheat is only 370-420kg and the straw is as much as 630-580kg. In other words, there are fewer super wheat stalks, which reduces the consumption of straw and is beneficial to squatting operations.

(5) It is conducive to market competition and improves the economic returns of farmers.

4 Advances in Super Wheat Breeding Research

(1) Progress on the research of negative-related trait polymerization.

The first step in breeding work is to “conceive” the ideal plant type of high-quality super-high yield wheat, namely plant type design. An ideal wheat variety includes: dwarf, big ear, large grain, multiple panicles, high quality, super high yield, cold resistance, disease resistance (strip rust, white powder), good yellowing, premature aging, early ripening, and many other excellent traits. Some of the above traits are negatively correlated. Such as large ear and large grain, multiple ear and large ear, large ear and early maturity, dwarf and large grain, super high yield and high quality. In order to grow high-quality, super-high-yielding wheat elites, these negatively related traits must be grouped together, which is the aggregation of negative-related traits. In 1983, the author discussed the significance, feasibility, and progress of crop negative-related trait aggregation [5]. In 1990, the chapter entitled “Crop Quality Breeding” (Chapter 6) discussed the genetic principles and progress of the polymerization of high quality and other superior traits [6], and developed a breeding program for high-quality super high-yield polymerization: First, The above-mentioned superior traits are polymerized in one step by means of polymerization hybridization; secondly, all hybrid progeny are selected according to the requirements for super-high-yield plant type selection; and thirdly, a comprehensive quality analysis is performed on selected ultra-high-product lines, in which the high-quality lines are high quality and high quality. Product Department.

(2) Development of high-quality, super-high-yield wheat breeding.

According to a pre-planned plan, from 1992 to 1996, we successively cultivated Beinong 6, Beinong 9 and Beinong 10. In addition to the more general quality, these varieties combine many other superior properties into one. From 1997 to 1998, the cultivation of Beinong 49, Chaoyou 66, Chaoyou 69, and Beinong 30 achieved high-quality and super-high-yield polymerization. These varieties not only have a yield of 550-600kg/667m2, but also have excellent quality. Among them, Chaoyou 66 Ministry of Agriculture has announced that it is a high-quality special wheat variety. Beinong 49 is a high-protein strong gluten wheat with a protein content of 15.4% and a stabilization time of 10 minutes or more. Using them to make powder, the volume of bread is 830-950cm3, and the total evaluation is 91.8-91.9, all reaching the level of a standard bread flour.

(3) Development of water-saving, high-quality, super-high-yielding wheat varieties.

There is a lack of water resources in the northern winter wheat area, and it is very important to save wheat irrigation water. The above-mentioned ultra-high product species are all highly efficient water resource utilization types. Chaoyou 69 is a water-saving high quality super-high yield wheat variety. Large spikes, 45 grains per ear, grain weight 54g, protein 16.4%, wet gluten 39.5%. 600 kg/667 m2 under normal cultivation (600 kg/667 m2 plot in Wuqing County, Tianjin City in 2000), and 451.96 kg/water-saving cultivation (water poured on April 18 in spring basis) 667m2. Big ear varieties are drought-tolerant, resistant to high temperatures, and dry and hot, and are rare.

In addition, at least a dozen provinces and cities in Shandong, Hebei, and Henan provinces in China have conducted research in this area and made breakthrough progress. Numerous high-quality super-high-yield wheat varieties have been developed and have played an important role in production.

5 Differences and Prospects

For more than a decade, although the super wheat research in our country has made breakthrough progress, there is still a big gap with the advanced countries in the world. Since the 1990s, the level of wheat production in at least five countries in the world has exceeded 550kg/667m2. Among them, Ireland (128,000 ha) averaged 599.8 kg/667 m2, Netherlands (142,000 ha) averaged 597.4 kg/667 m2, Belgium-Luxembourg (215,000 ha) averaged 592.3 kg/667 m2, and Great Britain (1.97 million ha), with an average of 540.9 kg/ 667m2, have high quality super high productivity.

As early as the 1960s, China's famous plant physiologist Tang Peisong and other scientifically pointed out that the theoretical wheat yield in Beijing can reach 750kg/667m2. This figure is based on the photosynthetic efficiency of the wheat varieties promoted at the time. Nowadays, the wheat varieties have been improved for several generations, and the photosynthetic efficiency has been greatly improved, and the theoretical yields measured using them will be higher. The author believes that there is no limit to the potential for wheat breeding. Although there may be temporary pauses due to limited conditions and lack of resources, as long as continuous efforts are made, various means will be used to achieve a generation better than a generation of super. Wheat varieties.

6 About Powdering Research

Because a single wheat variety is difficult to meet the requirements of high-quality bread flour for each indicator, and its service life is also short, foreign brand-name bread flours, such as gold elephants, money cards, flying tiger cards, and iron tower cards, are powdered. China has not yet seen branded powdered products.

Since 1986, the Wheat Breeding Research Institute of Beijing Agricultural College has cooperated with Mr. Wang Guangrui of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences to carry out powder blending research. Beinong 49, Beinong 30, Chaoyang 66 and Chaoyou 69 were bred, and after three times of powdering experiments, three powdering schemes were selected. They can produce high-quality bread flour and achieve high yields of 500-600kg/667m2.

Option 1: Super Excellent 66 (80%) + Zhongyou 9507 (20%): 93.0 points for total bread, and 500kg/667m2 for wheat

Option 2: Super-Excellent 66 (50%) + Beinong 49 (50%): The total score of bread is 91.8 points, and the level of wheat production is 550kg/667m2?

Option 3: Super-optimum 66 (50%) + Beinong 30 (50%): The total score of bread is 91.9 points, and the level of wheat production is 600kg/667m2?

In the process of powder blending, we found that the total bread scores of the three powdered combinations exceeded the bread scores for each of the single baked breads; the use of two medium-gluten wheats for powdered preparation allowed bread strips like strong gluten to appear. 3)

Dough strength mainly depends on the gluten content. There are disulfide bonds in the gluten molecules, linking amino acid sequences into filamentous or ladder-like, mesh-like forms, giving the dough a strong gluten. The mechanism of enhancing the gluten power in flour mixing and fermentation process remains to be further studied. ?

7 Super Wheat physiology research ideas

Compared with common wheat, superior wheat has achieved high quality, super-high yield, and high economic coefficient. Certain physiological mechanisms must exist, especially high light efficiency and the efficient use of resources such as water and fertilizers. Identifying these physiological characteristics can be used as a physiological breeding index, screening varieties, and provide a theoretical basis for super high yield cultivation, to achieve high quality, super high yield and efficient use of resources. We are cooperating with Dr. Wang Jihua of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry to carry out exploration and research in this area. Regarding the research on the water saving mechanism of high-quality super-high-yielding wheat, Prof. Hua Baoguang from Beijing Agricultural College proposed: Super-high yield and water saving are mutually contradictory traits. Super-high yield requires high photosynthetic efficiency. One of the necessary conditions is to ensure that the stomatal opening is large enough. In order to meet the demand for carbon assimilation, the pores become smaller or even close under water shortage conditions, which is an important limiting factor for obtaining super high yield under water shortage conditions.

The opening up of water consumption is an important issue for super-high yield and water saving. Open source is to promote the absorption of underground deep-seated water by wheat roots. Past studies have mostly been limited to the relationship between root elongation and plant drought resistance. This is necessary, but it is far from enough. We must start with physiological mechanisms to solve problems. Throttling is the proper adjustment of the stomatal opening to ensure that excessive water consumption is avoided under conditions of carbon assimilation. Studies abroad have shown that under water stress conditions, the root system emits a drought signal. This signal is transduced by abscisic acid, transmitted from the root system to the leaf, and promotes stomatal closure. Prof. Hua Baoguang’s research shows that under normal water conditions, roots transmit signals to leaves through acetylcholine, which promotes stomatal opening. This positive and negative signal conditioning can not only maintain the basic requirement of life for water, but also ensure the normal assimilation of carbon under the condition of relative water shortage. Recent studies by Professor Lixiu Li have shown that Super-You 69 has a strong root-water-absorbing activity, while evapotranspiration and water loss are significantly less, making open source and throttling more perfectly coordinated.

Whether open source or throttling requires the assistance of potassium ions, the pore movement is basically regulated by potassium ions, and the absorption of water in roots is mainly dependent on the accumulation of potassium ions in the membrane. It has been found that potassium ions must pass through the cell membrane in and out of cells. On the potassium channel, which is regulated by the cell membrane potential, the channel can only be opened under super-conditions. Prof. Hua Baoguang’s (USA) laboratory has recently cloned a variety of potassium channels. These potassium channels are not only regulated by membrane potential, but also regulated by cyclic nucleases. Both the membrane potential and cyclic nucleotides are plant sensations. Signals of changes in the external environment, through these signals regulate the open state of the channel.

Extra-membrane potassium ions can enter the cell only if the potassium channel is open and there is sufficient electrochemical potential to drive it. Therefore, simply absorbing more potassium can not meet the need of potassium for plants to resist water stress, but also rely on the plant's own regulation mechanism. That is, under the same level of potassium ions, wheat varieties with certain mechanisms can obtain super-high yield under limited water resources, while other varieties cannot. ?

From the above studies, it can be seen that the following three issues should be identified in the study of water-saving mechanisms for high-quality, super-high-yield wheat:

(1) How does this wheat perceive changes in water conditions and how does this change into signals that regulate the entry of potassium into cells?

(2) Whether water stress activates the cyclic nucleotidase in the root cell, and then generates cyclic nucleotides to regulate the potassium channel;

(3) How water stress hyperpolarizes membrane potential by activating a proton pump or by other means.

An in-depth study of the above three issues will put forward new ideas for the physiological mechanism of wheat drought resistance.

8 Super Wheat Production Industrialization Development

At present, Beijing flour market has many problems. Some manufacturers use common wheat and produce so-called “premium flour” by adding brighteners and strong gluten. These additives damage liver function, and some are carcinogens. Long-term consumption is detrimental to your health. Therefore, the organization of high-quality wheat production and the development of pure natural “reliable brand” high-quality flour not only can transform scientific research achievements into productivity, but also help improve people’s living standards and quality of life, and improve the people’s health. To this end, Dean Sun Dongdong of Beijing Agricultural College proposed the following super wheat industrialization plan:

(1) Continue to strengthen the selection and breeding of high-quality super-high-yield wheat varieties;

(2) Establish a high-quality super-high-yield wheat seed production base;

(3) To establish high-quality, super-high-yield wheat production bases in the surrounding areas of Beijing;

(4) In cooperation with Wang Guangrui, an expert in wheat quality analysis at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and a large-scale flour mill, the company produces pure natural flour without adding any whitening agent and strong gluten. Allows consumers to buy it easily and eat it with confidence. If this research project is successful, it will be the first high-quality brand flour developed in universities in Beijing.

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