Spinach virus disease

Spinach virus disease

Spinach virus disease is a widespread and serious issue affecting spinach crops. The symptoms can appear at various stages, from seedlings to mature plants, and they vary greatly depending on the type of virus involved. The disease is generally categorized into four main types: clustered, mosaic, necrotic, and yellow. Among these, the cluster and mosaic types are the most common. In the case of clustered disease, plants show severe stunting, curled and crumpled leaves, and grow in tight clusters. Mosaic-type infections are characterized by mottled, uneven patterns on the leaves, especially on young foliage, which often remain curled and not fully developed. Infected plants also produce fewer and less full seeds. The pathogens responsible for this disease are viruses, which can be caused by single or multiple virus species. In China, the primary sources include Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV), accounting for about 70%, Beet mosaic virus (BMV) at around 20%, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) at approximately 10%, and others such as Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Spinach tatter virus (STW), Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), Spinach mosaic virus (SCMV), and Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV). The transmission of spinach viruses mainly occurs through infected seeds, with more than 90% of infections originating from this source. Other viruses can spread via sap contact or aphid vectors. Most viruses thrive in temperatures between 22°C and 30°C, and high heat and drought conditions—especially during the seedling stage—can significantly increase the risk of infection. Weather conditions favorable for aphid populations and their migration also contribute to disease outbreaks. Early sowing of spinach in autumn and winter tends to result in more severe infections compared to later planting. Additionally, spinach grown near cabbages, radishes, peppers, and tomatoes often suffers higher incidence rates. Poor soil conditions, such as thin seeding, drought stress during early growth, or inadequate fertilization, can also worsen the problem. Some spinach varieties exhibit better resistance; for example, Sicha No. 10 (a hybrid from Beijing) is highly resistant, while Boron No. 15 shows slightly lower resistance. Spinal No. 18 has moderate resistance. Foreign hybrids like U.S. variety No. 7, Gold Award, and Miaoqu show resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and PI-10363 is resistant to both BBWV and CMV, making them suitable for local trials. To manage the disease, several strategies can be employed. First, use resistant varieties and adjust sowing dates to avoid peak aphid activity. Autumn and winter spinach should be sown later to escape the hot season. Second, implement proper cultivation practices: avoid intercropping with solanaceous or cruciferous vegetables, apply sufficient base fertilizer, and ensure balanced nutrition to promote healthy growth without excessive vegetative development. Maintain proper irrigation to prevent water stress, and remove weeds regularly. Lastly, promptly remove infected plants to reduce spread. Chemical control measures include spraying insecticides to manage aphids before planting, using silver reflective mulch or yellow sticky traps to deter pests. At the first sign of infection, apply 20% Virus A WP diluted 500 times, 1.5% Phytopathogenic Ling emulsion at 1,000 times, or Antiviral No. 1 at 300 times. Repeat applications every 7–10 days for 2–3 times to effectively control the disease.

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