Transgenic plants and their safety

Transgenic plants and their safety

The so-called transgenic plants refer to the use of DNA recombination technology to integrate foreign genes into the genome of the recipient plant, thereby altering its genetic composition. The plant whose genome structure has changed and its offspring are transgenic plants. In 1983, the world’s first transgenic plant was a transgenic tobacco developed by American scientists. In 1986, the first batch of genetically modified crops was approved for small-scale field trials. In 1992, China first commercialized the transformation of tobacco with antiviral genes, setting a precedent for the commercialization of genetically modified crops. In 1994, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the extension of ripening and preservation of genetically modified tomatoes into the market. At the end of 1995, 9 kinds of 35 GM crops were approved for commercial production. In 1996, the total planting area of ​​genetically modified plants reached 1.7 million hectares. Since then, the planting area has continuously increased, from 11 million hectares in 1997 to 58.7 million hectares in 2002. In a short period of 6 years, the planting area of ​​transgenic plants has increased by more than 30 times. In countries with large areas, the top six countries are the United States, Argentina, Canada, China, South Africa and Australia. It can be seen that the environmental release rate of transgenic plants is very rapid. The traits transferred to transgenic plants were herbicide-tolerant, which was more than 40%, followed by insect resistance, antiviral and stress resistance. At present, there are more than 20 kinds of transgenic plants, including soybeans, cotton, rapeseed, corn, wheat, bell pepper, potato, watermelon, cucumber, alfalfa and sweet potato.
In order to solve the shortage of food and medicine and environmental issues, the application of transgenic technology not only can increase the output of animals and plants, but also can change its quality and improve the quality of agricultural products. Therefore, the traditional agriculture must be dependent on modern agriculture to achieve sustainable development. One of the dominant technologies.
As the hope of the 21st century, biotechnology has produced tremendous benefits for the development of agriculture and society. At the same time, it cannot ignore its potential impact on the ecological environment. Biotechnology, like any other technology, also has a negative effect on the ecological environment. Although there is no serious ecological crisis induced by the application of biotechnology, studies have shown that biotechnology poses a potential threat to the ecological environment. There is an existence, and this threat with the growing development of biotechnology, especially the large-scale commercialization of transgenic crops, the possibility of ecological risks is also increasing. In order to ensure the healthy development of GM technology and prevent possible risks, we must strengthen research on biosafety while vigorously developing GM technology.
The potential risks of transgenic plants are mainly manifested in the ecological environment and human health. The potential risks to the former are: (1) The transgenic crops themselves may be transformed into weeds if the transferred resistance genes escape to other areas. On the matter, the wild relatives of these crops will also become weeds and even produce "super weeds." For example, in recent years, rapes that are self-extinguishing and resistant to three types of herbicides have appeared in the fields of Canada. Greenpeace calls them “super weeds”; (2) Non-target effects of transgenic plants. In addition to pests that cause damage to pests, transgenic, insect-resistant, disease-resistant, and herbicide-resistant plants also have a direct or indirect effect on many beneficial organisms in the environment and can even kill them. For example, the pollen of transgenic insect-resistant maize can lead to the death of a butterfly; (3) the large-scale planting of insect-resistant plants accelerates the evolution of pest resistance; (4) the virus genes in transgenic crops may be related to other plants that infect the plant. Viruses undergo recombination to produce the advantages of new viruses or superviruses (5) transgenic plants. If they escape to the environment, they will change the competitive relationship between species, destroy the original natural ecological balance, and pose a threat to biodiversity.
The potential threats and effects of transgenic plants on human health are mainly reflected in the fact that when GMOs are introduced into our bodies as foods, they may cause certain toxicological effects and allergic reactions to occur. Abroad, there have been reports that children who drink genetically modified soy milk produce allergic reactions; the transfer of growth hormone genes may have a significant impact on human growth and development; the use of antibiotic marker genes in genetically modified organisms, if they enter the body, may make The body is resistant to many antibiotics. In short, some of the adverse effects on the human body take a long time to appear and monitor.
Since GM crops are a living organism that can regenerate or interact with other organisms in different ways, ecological risks should be the most important among the aforementioned risks, because it is still unclear what really happens in nature. What. The potential ecological risks associated with the release of genetically modified crops in the past were only foreseeable or qualitative. However, in recent years, there have been many reports based on experiments abroad, confirming that some risks remain, especially with biological With the increasing development of technology, the large-scale release of commercialized GM crops and the possibility of ecological risks are also increasing. This shows that the issue of biosafety really needs people's attention.

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