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First, the formation factor of bald kernels in winter corn (A) Low temperature and low temperature are the main factors that cause baldness and lack of grain in winter corn. Each growth stage of maize has its own suitable temperature range: If the environment temperature is lower than 16°C, the spike differentiation will stop at the stage of spike differentiation; if the flowering temperature is lower than 18°C, the flowering pollination will be bad and the male flower will not even open; The average daily temperature during the ripening period is lower than 20°C, and the grouting speed is slowed down. Grouting below 16°C basically stops. In the hot zone of Yunnan, the growth period of winter maize is just in the low-temperature period of one year, especially in the tasseling and flowering period of winter maize, and it is in the lowest temperature in January. During this period, winter maize is very sensitive to low temperature, if the ambient temperature is lower than 16°C. , often resulting in poor differentiation of panicles, reduced pollen, pollen abortion, and even the formation of malformed pollen grains, or the development of ovary after fertilization stopped midway, or the growth of endosperm during grain filling stopped, forming empty grains, but also affecting the female ear Development. In our investigation, we found that as long as the continuous low temperature (below 16°C) during the corn big bell-to-grain period exceeds 20 hours, baldness and grain deficiency will increase significantly.
(2) Droughts The hot springs in Yunnan are just in the dry season with the least rainfall in a year. The air has low humidity and strong transpiration. According to statistics, with the increase of soil moisture (50% to 80%), winter maize has a pattern of baldness and empty pods decreasing. If the soil moisture is lower than 45%, bald spikes and empty pods increase, and the yield drops seriously. During the development of pollen grains, especially pollen mother cell meiosis, in the event of drought and water shortage (air relative humidity less than 60%), some pollen abortions will occur, and pollen viability will weaken and even lose their viability. Secondly, the flowering and silking period is also the critical period of water requirement for corn, and it is particularly sensitive to moisture. In case of drought and water shortage, it will affect the development of the ear and delay the spinning; or the filaments are prone to loss of viability and shorten the life span, resulting in pollen germination. Difficulties, or even pollen germination, such as insufficient water supply will still cause pollen tube to slow down to the ovary, reduce fertilization and fertility rate; at the same time, it will also cause the male and female ear to pull out the time interval, flowering time is not met.
(3) The severe cold winds in the hot regions of Yunnan are extremely unstable in winter and spring, causing irregularities in the flowering time of winter maize. If a male flower encounters a strong cold wind when it is open to pollination, it is likely to cause pollen grains to drift with the wind, and it is easy to lose its vigor, which in turn causes baldness and lack of grain due to poor pollination.
(D) over-close planting Although the biggest feature of winter corn is weak growth, tolerance planting, but different varieties, different regions still have to control a reasonable density range. However, production is often the phenomenon of excessive dense planting, resulting in poor ventilation and light transmission, and part of the pollen pollination difficult to fall on the stigma, so that the limited pollen can not be fully utilized, it is easy to cause bald top lack of grain. According to our investigation, the density of compact maize has a frequency of increase of baldness and kernel deficiency per acre of more than 6300 plants; if the density is more than 6600 plants per acre, it will lead to severe baldness and lack of kernels, affecting yield; if the density is above 7000 plants At the same time, it was accompanied by severe baldness, empty grains, and empty stalks.
(5) Diseases and insect pests The insect pests in Yunnan hot zone that damage winter maize and cause bald top and lack of grain are mainly aphids and aphids. Especially the tops of tassels and ears are vulnerable to aphids and aphids, resulting in insufficient powder sources and filament damage. Bald lack of grain.
(6) Genetic characteristics of the varieties The frequency and time of flowering on each part of the spikelets and the filaments on the corn ear are different. The order of the filaments extracted from the loquat leaves is also different. The top of the filaments is extracted from the temporal leaves at the latest, if the top is filaments. Extracting time from the loquat leaves coincides with insufficient field pollen volume or loose powder, which can easily lead to poor bald top pollination; sometimes it results in lack of grains due to adverse environmental conditions when some filaments stick out. If it is a long loquat leaf type, it may take a long time for the filaments to stick out from the base, or it may be difficult to extract the loquat leaf from the filaments, so the lack of grain is often caused by poor pollination.
Second, the bald top lack of preventive measures (a) select the appropriate planting area to try to choose a variety of external conditions can meet the growth and development of winter corn in the area of ​​planting.
(2) To adapt to the local conditions, select good seeds, and plant seeds at the right time to choose early maturation, disease resistance, compact plant type, dense planting and short cultivars. It is necessary to determine the scientific sowing period according to local conditions to ensure that the whole growing period of winter corn is within a safe temperature range, and in particular to ensure that the average daily temperature of tasseling pollination must be above 16°C, ie, to avoid the local minimum temperature period.
(3) Although the dense planting and mulching of winter corn are suitable for dense planting, they must not be over-closely planted. To ensure good ventilation and light transmission, it is imperative to adopt a wide-narrow row planting method and a pattern of interplanting and intercropping. Winter corn must be covered with plastic film in order to facilitate warming and moisturizing.
(4) Fertilizer-supplying materials and scientifically-irrigated winter corn are relatively weak in the absorption capacity of fertilizers due to the influence of low temperature during growth. In particular, the absorption of phosphorus, zinc, and potassium fertilizers is only about two-thirds of normal conditions, so According to soil testing to formulate fertilization, in the application of base fertilizer on the basis of a good seedling fertilizer and jointing fertilizer, in order to reduce empty grains to special heavy ear fertilizer. At the same time, the application of zinc sulfate can effectively increase the grain plumpness and reduce baldness. Irrigation should be combined with each fertilization, rapid irrigation speed withdrawal.
(5) The main reason for artificially pollinating winter corn to cause baldness and lack of kernels is that the total amount of healthy, normal and highly viable pollen grains is insufficient, and the utilization rate is low. Therefore, artificially-assisted pollination should be used as a necessary technical measure for reducing bald kernels and increasing grain yield in winter maize, so that limited normal pollen can be fully utilized.
(6) Pest and pest control must prevent and control the damage of corn borers and aphids. In the big bell mouth period, 3% of indoles are mixed into the heart to control corn borer. Before tasselling, 1000 times of omethoate was used to control aphids, creating a good condition for smooth pollination.
Analysis and Preventive Measures of Factors Affecting Bald Head and Grain in Winter Maize
Winter corn refers to the corn planted in the hot zone in winter. Planting corn in the winter in this area can make full use of the abundant light, heat and biomass resources, farmland resources in winter in the tropical and subtropical regions, increase the multiple cropping index, increase the production of agricultural products, and make them more mature. For more familiar. In recent years, with the adjustment of industrial structure, the planting area of ​​winter maize in southern China has been continuously expanding, and a good situation has emerged for the joint development of production and quality. However, there are also many problems in growing corn in the off-season. It needs continuous practice, exploration and research. After our investigation of a large area of ​​winter maize in the Yunnan hot zone over the years, we have found that baldness and grain deficiency have become one of the major factors affecting the yield of winter maize.