Apple calcium deficiency can not be ignored Liu Yingsheng

In recent years, apple's bitter pit, pox spot, molasses, and fruit cracking have become increasingly serious, affecting the value of Apple's products. The reason is due to the lack of calcium in the soil or the impact of climate factors on the calcium in the tree body caused by the physiological disease.

First, the symptoms

1. Root symptoms

The lack of calcium in the apple tree's roots was manifested as: the root growth was significantly inhibited, the root system was short and many, grayish yellow, the cell wall was sticky, and the cells were damaged. The roots of the young roots stop growing. When the roots are severe, the tip of the root rots, the young roots gradually die, and many new roots grow in the vicinity of the dead roots, forming a stubby and highly branched root group, commonly known as the "broom root."

2. Leaf symptoms

When the new shoots grow to 10-30 cm, the apical buds stop growing, and light green or brownish chlorotic spots appear on the edge of the young leaves or the midrib, and then turn into dark brown scorch. Sometimes the tip and leaf margins are shrunken and the midrib leaves have necrotic spots. When the calcium deficiency is severe, the tips and leaves of the shoots resemble a flame-like necrotic spot and develop rapidly downwards, leaving the branchlets completely dead. The branches and leaves of the entire tree grow slowly, and the branches are shorter.

3. Fruit symptoms

1 Bitter bitter disease, pox spot disease: Bitter bitter disease mainly occurs in the fruit's near mature stage and storage period. Incidence of the disease from the beginning and end of the fruit, mostly lenticels as the center, the formation of nearly round lesions, about 6 mm in diameter. Late lesions turned brown to dark brown with irregular edges and slightly sunken surfaces. The skin under the epidermis of the lesion turned brown and was spongy, 3 to 10 mm deep and bitter.

Occurrence of the pox spot disease is centered on the fruit spot. Within 1 mm of the fruit spot, the skin becomes brown and a halo around it appears with a diameter of about 5 mm. After the disease subsidence formed dark brown spots, 3 to 5 light, dozens of weight.

Bitter bitter pox disease and pox spot disease are all physiological diseases caused by calcium deficiency in fruits. The difference between the two is: the first browning of pox spot occurs on the surface and turns brown from the outside to the inside; while bitter pox disease first turns brown Occurs in the flesh, it is necrotic and brownish from the inside to the outside, and the flesh has a distinct bitterness.

2 Molasses disease: The size of the diseased fruit is not much different from that of the normal fruit. It produces water-stained, irregular, translucent plaques in the fruit's pulp tissue. On the surface of the fruit, the patches were dark green and infiltrated, and the pulp tissue of the diseased part hardened with a slightly alcoholic taste. Molasses is a physiological disorder of the tree due to lack of calcium in the fruit, and sorbitol cannot be normally transformed in the fruit but accumulated in the intercellular space.

3 Fruit cracking: There are cracks or cracks in the fruit, which mainly occur at the stalks and fruit shoulders. The sacral part is lighter and the sacral part is rare. Some cracked fruit in the stem with a handle as the center of the arc to form a small crack, some from the fruit handle began to crack toward the fruit shoulder, deep inside the pulp 2 to 3 mm. The unbalanced supply of soil moisture during fruit growth is an important cause of apple cracking, and the calcium deficiency in apples may also cause severe fruit cracking.

Second, the reasons

1. Climate

The absorption of calcium by fruits and the transport of calcium in fruit trees are mainly due to the effect of transpiration. All factors that affect transpiration, such as light, air humidity, and atmospheric temperature, can affect the absorption and transport of calcium. The higher the humidity, the weaker the light, and the lower the transpiration, the lower the calcium absorption of fruit trees.

2. Tree

1 Calcium ions move very slowly in plants. Transportation in the xylem is dependent on the transpiration of the leaves. Mature leaves have a high transpiration and calcium content. The top shoots, weak shoots, and shoots with poor luminosity and lower lightness are less transpiration and less calcium. The transportation of calcium in the phloem is very weak, and the calcium in the mature leaves cannot be reused by the young leaves, root tips, shoot growth points and fruits. Therefore, calcium deficiency in apple first appears in the root tips, growing points, young leaves and fresh fruits.

2 The tree grows too prosperous, and the branches and leaves compete with the fruit for calcium. The fruit is prone to calcium deficiency symptoms. Excessive pruning will lead to prosperous branches, which compete with the fruit for calcium, exacerbating the symptoms of calcium deficiency. Practice has proved that the symptoms of calcium deficiency in low-loading tree fruits and large fruits are obvious. Therefore, it should be reasonably loaded to produce fruits of appropriate size to reduce the occurrence of calcium deficiency symptoms.

3. Soil

1 Soil properties, pH, and water content all affect calcium absorption. The soil is barren, lacks organic matter, is easy to compact, and its ability to absorb nutrients is weak. Weakly acidic soils have poor physical and chemical properties, and replacement of large amounts of hydrogen ions can cause the loss of calcium. Water-soluble phosphorus produces a fixed effect, reducing effective nutrients, causing calcium deficiency. Excessive or too small soil moisture content can easily cause calcium deficiency in fruit trees. Orchard water, root anaerobic respiration, no new root formation, it is difficult to absorb calcium; long-term drought, not only affect the root growth, but also the growth of the leaves blocked, transpiration weakened, inhibiting the distribution of calcium to the fruit.

2 On fertilization, people only pay attention to the input of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, but lack of calcium supply and imbalance of nutrition. Experiments have shown that excessive nitrogen, potassium and calcium in the soil produce antagonistic effects, inhibiting the absorption and utilization of calcium ions in the root system. On the contrary, boron can increase photosynthesis and promote root growth, thereby promoting calcium absorption and utilization in the root system.

4. Bagging

After bagging the apple, due to changes in the fruit's temperature, humidity, light and other microclimate conditions, and then affect the fruit growth and development process of calcium absorption and utilization. After bagging, the temperature inside the bag was significantly higher than that outside the bag, and the transpiration was reduced. As the transpiration liquid flowed into the fruit, there was less calcium, and the fruit size of the bagged bag increased accordingly, further reducing the calcium concentration in the fruit. At the same time, the earlier the fruits are bagged, the weaker the transpiration of young fruit and the lower the calcium content.

Third, calcium measures

1. Increase organic fertilizers and improve soil physical and chemical properties. For lime-susceptible orchards such as sandy loam and acid soil, the pH of the soil should be adjusted by applying lime. It is better to use organic fertilizer in autumn as soon as possible, and the sooner the effect of fertilization, the better. The amount of fertilizer should be determined according to the yield of individual fruit trees, and 100-150 kg of organic fertilizer should be applied per 100 kg of fruit.

2. The soil is supplemented with calcium and boron. Combining organic fertilizer application in the fall, each fruit tree was treated with 1 to 2 kg of calcium nitrate. During the first peak of the root growth in March, each strain was topped with 0.25 kg of calcium phosphate. The appropriate amount of boron can promote the transport of carbohydrates to the roots, promote new roots, and facilitate the absorption of calcium. Combined application of organic fertilizer, add a small amount of boron fertilizer, such as borax 0.1 ~ 0.15 kg.

3. Spray calcium on leaves. Apple needs calcium for two peak periods throughout the year. First, apple is the peak of calcium absorption in the fruit after 4 to 6 weeks of flowering. During this period, continuous spraying of calcium fertilizer 3 to 4 times can significantly increase calcium absorption in the early fruits. The second is the second expansion of the fruit, 30-40 days before the harvest of the apple, and then spray 1 or 2 calcium fertilizers. The calcium preparations with better effects are available calcium, amino acid calcium, calcium magnesium, and the like.

4. Reasonably trim and keep the orchard airy and light.

5. In case of drought, timely watering, enter the rainy season to do a good job of drainage.

6. Before the apples are harvested and stored in the warehouse, 300 to 400 times of amino acid calcium solution is used to soak the fruit, which can prevent bitter pit disease and molasses and other calcium deficiency diseases during storage period.

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