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Various types of rice fertilization management points
Rice varieties, including double-season rice, single-season rice, and hybrid rice, differ significantly in their nutrient requirements. However, nitrogen remains the most critical nutrient for rice growth and yield. The nutrient requirement per 100 kg of rice produced is generally as follows:
Nitrogen (N): 1.6–2.5 kg, typically around 2 kg;
Phosphorus (P₂O₅): 0.6–1.3 kg, usually about 1 kg;
Potassium (K₂O): 1.4–3.1 kg, commonly around 2.6 kg.
These values are based on rice during the mid-growth stage, which occurs roughly around day 140 of the total growth cycle.
The timing of nitrogen application is crucial for optimal rice performance. For early double-crop rice, where the growing season is shorter and temperatures are cooler at the beginning, it's recommended to apply 70–100% of the nitrogen fertilizer before transplanting. This helps promote early emergence, faster green-up (within a week), and earlier panicle development (within two weeks), ultimately saving labor. If needed, a small amount of top-dressing can be applied after the seedlings turn green, but further nitrogen applications are generally unnecessary afterward.
For single-season and late rice, some nitrogen should be applied as top-dressing. The best time for this is during the young panicle differentiation stage. During the tillering phase to young panicle formation, rice absorbs nutrients primarily to increase the number of tillers and panicles. Later, from spikelet formation to flowering, nitrogen is used mainly to boost grain number, and after that, it contributes to grain weight. Hence, timely nitrogen top-dressing during the spikelet differentiation period is essential.
With the rapid adoption of hybrid rice—divided into early, medium, and late varieties—the nutrient demands have increased due to higher yields. The typical nutrient requirement per 100 kg of seeds for hybrid rice is approximately:
Nitrogen (N): 2.7–3.4 kg;
Phosphorus (P₂O₅): 1.5–1.7 kg;
Potassium (K₂O): 2.9–4.2 kg.
For medium and late hybrid rice, nitrogen management should follow the principle of using base fertilizer efficiently and applying top-dressing early. About 75–100% of nitrogen should be applied as basal fertilizer, with additional top-dressing based on tiller development.
Phosphorus and potassium fertilization is simpler compared to nitrogen. Although some recommend phased application, it is more practical to apply them all as base fertilizer. Potassium can also be split-applied in waterlogged fields for better absorption.
Additionally, rice requires micronutrients like zinc and silicon, which should not be overlooked. Ensuring adequate supply of these elements can enhance plant health and resistance to diseases. Proper nutrient management is key to achieving high productivity and sustainable rice farming.
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