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Piglet eyelid edema, it is a matter of course
Piglet edema disease is a severe and often fatal infectious condition affecting weaned piglets, primarily caused by toxins produced by specific strains of *Escherichia coli*. This disease typically presents with sudden onset, neurological symptoms, and facial swelling. It is known for its high incidence and mortality rates among young pigs, making early detection and prevention crucial.
**1. Clinical Signs**
The disease often strikes abruptly, with some piglets dying without showing any prior symptoms. In others, the illness progresses more slowly, starting with swelling around the eyes, where the upper and lower eyelids may become so inflamed that only a narrow opening remains. The swelling then spreads to the head and neck area. Affected pigs may exhibit a dull demeanor, low body temperature, or in some cases, elevated temperatures reaching 40.5°C to 41°C. They may walk unsteadily, show ataxia, and have difficulty standing, often falling into a "swimming" position before dying within hours.
**2. Pathological Changes**
Upon post-mortem examination, the affected areas show significant swelling. The facial and subcutaneous tissues contain a white, jelly-like fluid. The stomach wall and mesentery are commonly swollen, with the mesenteric lymph nodes also showing signs of edema. The gastric curvature and pyloric region are severely swollen and congested. The stomach muscle layer contains a capsule-like fluid, while the intestinal mucosa and large intestine walls are also edematous. Additionally, lung edema and swollen, fluid-filled lymph nodes are frequently observed.
**3. Diagnosis**
Diagnosis is typically based on clinical signs, epidemiological data, and characteristic pathological findings. For confirmation, samples can be taken and examined under a microscope after Gram staining. The presence of Gram-positive, medium-sized bacilli supports the diagnosis of piglet edema disease.
**4. Control Measures**
4.1 **Prevention is key**. Vaccination with an inactivated *E. coli* trivalent vaccine is recommended for piglets between 15 to 18 days of age, offering effective protection against the disease.
4.2 **Good management practices** are essential. Avoid sudden changes in feed, ensure balanced nutrition with reduced protein levels, and maintain clean and hygienic living conditions to minimize disease risk.
4.3 **Treatment** should be initiated as early as possible. Piglets showing mild symptoms can be treated with intravenous injections of 50% glucose (20–40 ml), 20% mannitol (50–100 ml), or 25% sorbitol (50–100 ml) over five days. Antibiotics such as sulfamonomethoxine sodium (0.2 ml/kg) or ceftiofur sodium (15 mg/kg) can be administered once daily for five days to control the infection effectively.
By combining vaccination, proper feeding, and timely treatment, the impact of this devastating disease can be significantly reduced, improving the health and survival of weaned piglets.
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