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Platycodon grandiflorum cultivation techniques
Campanulaceae, also known as "big medicine," is a widely used traditional Chinese medicinal plant that thrives in cool and moist environments. While it is not particularly picky about soil quality, it performs best in neutral soils rich in phosphorus and potassium. Proper site preparation and cultivation practices are essential to ensure high yield and quality.
**Site Preparation**
Choose sunny slopes with good drainage or well-drained plains with sandy loam or humus soil. Apply 4000 kg of organic fertilizer per acre as a base, and plow the field to a depth of 30–40 cm. Ensure the ground is smooth and create raised beds approximately 1.2 to 1.5 meters wide for optimal growth.
**Sowing Time and Seed Selection**
The best time for sowing is in Autumn, specifically between September and October. Autumn-sown seeds germinate quickly and have a longer growing season, resulting in better root development and higher yields compared to Spring planting.
Seed selection is crucial. Annual Campanulaceae seeds, often called “doll types,†are small, light, and have poor germination. In contrast, two-year-old plants produce larger, darker, and more viable seeds, leading to stronger seedlings and significantly higher yields—up to 30% more than annual varieties.
**Seed Treatment**
Soak seeds in warm water (50°C–60°C) while stirring to remove dirt and impurities. After cooling, soak them for 12 hours. Alternatively, use a 0.3% potassium permanganate solution for 12 hours to improve germination rates.
**Sowing Method**
Direct seeding is preferred over transplanting, as it results in better root development and higher quality. Use a drill to create furrows 4–5 cm deep, spaced 20–25 cm apart. Mix seeds with fine soil or sand before broadcasting, then cover with 2 cm of soil or ash. Sow 750–1000 grams per acre directly, or 350–500 grams if using seedlings.
**Field Management**
Thinning is necessary when seedlings reach 2 cm in height, and further thinning should be done when they grow to 3–4 cm, leaving only strong plants spaced 10 cm apart. Weeding should be done three times during early growth: once when seedlings are 7–10 cm tall, again after one month, and a third time after another month to prevent weed competition.
Fertilization is important from June to September. Apply diluted manure along with a small amount of phosphate and urea. Water regularly during dry periods, but avoid waterlogging in rainy seasons to prevent root rot.
When seedlings reach 10 cm, they can be transplanted after two years to increase fruit size and seed yield. Remove flowers from annual or biennial plants to direct energy toward root growth. Spraying 1 ml/L ethephon at full bloom helps control flowering and increases yield by up to 45%.
**Pest and Disease Control**
Common diseases include leaf spot and sheath blight, which can be controlled with Bordeaux mixture (1:1:100) or 50% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution. Root-feeding pests like larvae can be managed with 90% trichlorfon or 50% phoxim solutions. Aphids and spider mites can be treated with 40% dimethoate or 80% dichlorvos, applied every 10 days.
Dodder, a parasitic plant, should be manually removed. If infestation is severe, pull out entire plants and bury them deeply. Crickets, beetles, and earthworms can be controlled using poisoned baits.
**Harvesting and Processing**
Harvest roots after two years of growth or in the fall following transplanting. Cut off the stems and leaves, wash the roots, and dry them in the sun or with anthracite. For seeds, collect pods when they turn yellow in October. Dry them indoors for 3–4 days before threshing and storing. Harvest promptly, as mature fruits tend to split open, causing seed loss.
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Platycodon grandiflorum cultivation techniques