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Sweet potato quality and high yield cultivation practices
1. Variety Selection. Choosing the right sweet potato variety is crucial for achieving high yields. Depending on the intended use—whether for starch production, fresh consumption, processing, or vegetable purposes—different varieties are recommended. For starch processing in our province, varieties like Xushu 18, Lushu 7, and Jishu 15 are ideal. For fresh food and processing, Beijing 553, Lushu 8, Jishu 18, Jishu 5, and Tainong Purple Sweet Potato No. 1 are commonly used. For vegetable purposes, Tainong 71 and Fushu 7-6 are highly suitable. Selecting the appropriate variety not only ensures better yield but also improves quality and marketability.
2. Cultivating Strong Seedlings. Healthy seedlings are essential for a successful harvest. In our region, the main planting season starts around late April, so the nursery period usually begins in late March. It's important to select disease-free, undamaged, and non-frozen seed potatoes, preferably virus-free ones. These should be soaked in a 800-fold solution of carbendazim before being planted in hotbeds or double-layered cold beds. The ideal seedlings should have at least 100 plants weighing over 500 grams, with the top three leaves flat, large, and thick stems, no pests, and a height of about 20 cm. Strong seedlings can increase yield by more than 10% compared to weak ones. For summer planting, it's recommended to establish a secondary nursery to ensure disease-free vines. Top shoots with well-developed leaves and strong roots are preferred, as they can significantly improve yield and quality.
3. Soil and Fertilizer Management. High-yield sweet potato cultivation requires well-drained sandy loam soil with a deep plowing layer, good water retention, and moderate fertility. For fresh sweet potatoes, it's best to choose land free from previous sweet potato diseases, with a thick soil layer and good drainage to maximize marketable yield. Fertilization should follow the principle of using organic fertilizer as the main component, supplemented by chemical fertilizers, with potassium as the primary nutrient. A typical application for a 3,000 kg per acre yield includes 3–5 cubic meters of organic manure, 20 kg of diammonium phosphate, and 20–25 kg of potassium sulfate. These should be applied under the ridge during ridging. Ridge spacing should be 70–80 cm, with a height of 20–30 cm. Spring planting density is typically 3,500 plants per mu, while summer planting is around 4,000 per acre. Planting time is critical: planting after May 1st can reduce yield by about 1%, while early summer planting (late June to mid-July) should be done promptly to avoid yield loss. Fresh spring potatoes can be planted 10–15 days earlier, though this may increase the risk of black rot and poor color. Late planting may slightly reduce yield but improves commercial quality. Summer potatoes need to be planted early to avoid small tubers and lower quality. Adjusting planting density accordingly helps optimize yield and quality.
4. Field Management. During the early growth stage, it's important to inspect and replace weak or missing seedlings. Within the first week after planting, any plants affected by disease, pests, or improper planting should be replaced. During the rainy season, focus on controlling larvae and leaf-eating pests, along with proper irrigation and foliar feeding. Regular weeding and soil cultivation are necessary, and vine turning should be avoided. In fields with good fertility and moisture, applying 50 kg of paclobutrazol per acre at a concentration of 200 mg/kg can help control excessive vine growth and promote tuber development.
5. Timely Harvesting. Harvesting generally begins in mid-October. By late October, the yield increases minimally, while starch content and drying rate decline. Therefore, harvesting should be completed before the first frost. Seedlings or fresh sweet potatoes should be harvested on warm, sunny days. After field drying, they should be stored in pits the same afternoon. Handling should be gentle during all stages to prevent damage. Use plastic containers or baskets for transport to avoid breakage.
6. Safe Storage. Before storage, the pit must be cleaned and disinfected. Burning sulfur or spraying carbendazim can help eliminate pathogens. Remove any diseased, broken, flooded, or frozen tubers. The storage volume should not exceed two-thirds of the pit space. Maintain a temperature between 10–15°C and humidity at 85–90%. Proper management is essential to ensure safe and long-term storage.
7. Suitable Regions. This method is most suitable for sweet potato-growing areas in Shandong Province, where the climate and soil conditions align well with these practices.
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