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Breeding methods and management techniques before and after pairing
After more than two decades of development, the pigeon breeding industry in China has evolved into a large-scale and highly organized sector. Breeding techniques for meat pigeons have continuously improved over time. However, many pigeon farms and individual breeders still rely on traditional natural pairing methods, which are increasingly incompatible with the rapid advancements in the industry. This outdated approach often leads to issues such as genetic degradation, reduced productivity, and declining quality of offspring. To enhance the performance of meat pigeons, tap into their full productive potential, increase weight, improve breeds, and prevent genetic deterioration, it's essential to understand modern breeding methods, master proper pairing techniques, and lay a solid foundation for future breeding success.
The breeding cycle of pigeons involves several stages: mating, egg-laying, hatching, and raising young. This entire process typically lasts 40 to 45 days and is divided into three phases: the mating period, incubation period, and brooding period.
During the mating period, which lasts about 10 to 12 days, mature pigeons are paired based on breeding goals and placed together in cages. They gradually form bonds and may even begin laying eggs. Most pigeons become affectionate couples during this time and remain together throughout their lives.
The incubation period follows, lasting around 17 to 18 days. During this time, the male and female take turns sitting on the eggs to keep them warm and ensure successful hatching.
The brooding period lasts between 20 to 30 days. After the chicks hatch, both parents feed them crop milk and care for them until they can live independently. By the time the young pigeons are 2 to 3 weeks old, the parents may start laying eggs again.
Pigeons reach full maturity in about 4 months, though some early-maturing breeds may mature in just 3 months. At this point, they exhibit all the characteristics of adult pigeons, including fertility and reproductive capability. However, it’s important not to pair them too early; they should be fully matured before being introduced for breeding.
Compared to chickens and ducks, pigeons have a longer breeding lifespan, typically ranging from 4 to 5 years. The most fertile years are between 1 to 3 years of age, when egg production is highest and offspring quality is optimal. While older pigeons may show a decline in breeding performance after 5 years, some individuals can still reproduce well up to 10 years of age. Male pigeons generally have stronger breeding abilities and a longer breeding season than females.
Before pairing, it’s crucial to prepare the breeder pigeons properly. Hens typically reach sexual maturity at 3 to 4 months, showing signs of estrus such as increased activity and vocalization. While pigeons may naturally mate during this time, this method can lead to inbreeding, early mating, and poor pairings. To avoid these issues, artificial pairing is recommended to ensure healthier and more productive offspring.
Separating males and females before pairing helps control maturation and improves the success rate of manual pairing. Keeping them in separate pens also prevents aggression and injury among males, especially once they become sexually active. It's important to maintain consistent group sizes and ensure that pigeons of similar ages and breeds are grouped together for better management and health.
Proper nutrition is also key. Overfeeding can lead to obesity, which negatively affects sperm quality in males and egg production in females. Underfeeding, on the other hand, can cause malnutrition and weaken overall health. A balanced feeding schedule with two meals per day and unrestricted access to clean water is ideal.
Disease prevention is another critical factor. Administering antibiotics like erythromycin or chlortetracycline 15 days before pairing, along with deworming treatments, can help maintain health. Regular bathing and parasite control using trichlorfon in drinking water also contribute to a healthier flock.
Preparing the lofts and equipment is equally important. Clean, well-ventilated coops with appropriate nesting areas and feeding systems are necessary for successful breeding. Before introducing pigeons, the environment should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected using methods like formalin fumigation or caustic soda sprays.
When it comes to pairing methods, there are two main approaches: natural and artificial. Natural pairing allows pigeons to choose their mates, but it often results in inbreeding, early mating, and inconsistent offspring. Artificial pairing, on the other hand, offers greater control, ensuring better genetic diversity and higher breeding success. This method is especially useful for caged pigeons and various breeding setups.
Before pairing, it’s important to assess the health, age, and weight of the pigeons. Selecting suitable pairs and placing them in matching groups helps reduce stress and fighting. Once paired, allowing the pigeons to explore their new environment ensures smoother integration and reduces conflicts.
By following these steps and adopting modern breeding practices, pigeon breeders can significantly improve the quality and productivity of their flocks, ensuring long-term success in the industry.
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