Gingival Seedling Technology Overview

Gingival Seedling Technology Overview

**Variety Name:** Gum **English Name:** Pacific fluke **Common Names:** Tooth chip, partial work, flounder **Scientific Name:** *Paralichthys olivaceus* (Temminck et Schlegel) **Facility Conditions** The facilities used for rearing juvenile flukes are similar to those used for conventional fish fry. However, the water quality and overall conditions are crucial for successful cultivation. The nursery’s water supply system typically includes pumps, pipes, storage tanks, and sand filters or quick sand filters. Due to the high water demand in both nurseries and aquaculture systems, many local producers now use "day-valve filter tanks" commonly found in municipal water treatment plants. These systems offer efficient filtration and can automatically manage water flow, making them ideal for aquaculture purposes. The shape of the nursery pond is important. Round cement ponds with a volume of 20–60 m³ and a depth of about 1 meter are optimal because they allow for better water circulation and easier management. However, due to cost considerations, square, octagonal, or elliptical pools are often constructed instead. In some cases, existing fish or shrimp breeding ponds can be modified for fluke seed production. These ponds are usually deeper than 1.5 meters, which is not ideal for direct rearing of young fish, but this issue can be addressed by using suspended cages within the pool. **Broodstock Selection** In natural marine environments, female flukes typically reach sexual maturity at 3–4 years old, while males mature at 2–3 years. Farmed broodstock, however, can mature one year earlier. For optimal spawning and egg quality, it's recommended to select broodstock that are over 3 years old. Natural fish should be 47–80 cm long and weigh 1.6–7.0 kg, while cultured fish should be 30–68 cm long and weigh 0.9–5.1 kg. When selecting wild fish as broodstock, it's best to avoid those caught with bottom trawls, hooks, or gillnets, as these methods often cause more injuries. Fish caught with set nets are less damaged and more suitable. Avoid any fish that show signs of skin damage. During the spawning season, males and females can be distinguished by gently squeezing their abdomen and observing the genital pore. Female gonads appear red and round, while males have slender, non-red gonads. **Stocking of Broodstock** After selection, broodstock are stocked in indoor circular concrete pools. The pools should have a bottom area of 30–50 m² for ease of management. A depth of 1.5 m with a water level of 1–1.2 m is ideal. The pools are covered with black nets to prevent fish from jumping out and to control light levels, reducing algae growth and keeping the fish calm. The stocking density is 1–2 fish per square meter, with a weight range of 5–15 kg/m². Feeding primarily consists of sardines, squid, and eels, with daily feeding amounts around 1–3% of the fish’s body weight, given twice daily. Small fish can be fed whole, while larger ones should be cut into pieces. Newly introduced wild fish may take time to adapt, so running water or artificial movement of bait is often used to stimulate feeding. Sand-filtered seawater is used during the stocking period, with a water exchange rate of 5–12 times per day. The ideal temperature for feeding is between 8–25°C. **Spawning and Egg Collection** Flukes spawn multiple times throughout the season, typically from mid-May to mid-June, depending on water temperature. Spawning begins at around 10°C, with peak activity occurring at 14–16°C. In Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong, the spawning season starts in early May. Female broodstock produce more eggs as their weight increases. On average, 3–9-year-old broodstock lay about 2.2 million eggs. Spawning mostly occurs at night. After spawning, a small container is placed outside the overflow pipe of the broodstock tank, with a sieve basket inside. As water flows into the tank, the eggs are carried into the sieve basket for collection. Eggs collected within 5–7 days after spawning have the highest fertilization and hatching rates. Fertilized eggs float in seawater. To remove poor-quality eggs, they can be left in a small tank for 10 minutes, allowing the bad eggs to sink to the bottom. If there is a shortage of broodstock, sexually mature fish can be captured from the sea during the breeding season and artificially inseminated. When collecting eggs from wild fish, look for females with enlarged, soft bellies and spherical, separated eggs. Artificial insemination can be done using either dry or wet methods, avoiding direct sunlight. **Transport of Fertilized Eggs** Fertilized eggs can be transported in oxygenated plastic bags. Fill a 50 × 70 cm bag with 60–70% seawater (about 15 liters), add 200,000–300,000 eggs, seal the bag, and transport under 10–17°C. Avoid direct sunlight. Eggs collected on the same day can be transported for up to 15–20 hours without affecting the hatching rate. **Incubation** Egg hatching can be done in still water. The egg density should be between 10,000 and 50,000 eggs per cubic meter, with a maximum of 150,000 eggs per cubic meter. Adding *Chlorella vulgaris* liquid to the hatchery helps maintain water clarity and provides nutrients. The ideal water temperature for hatching is 13–19°C, with the most favorable range being 14–17°C. If the temperature exceeds 22°C or drops below 11°C, the hatching rate decreases, and more deformed larvae may appear. Regular aeration is necessary during incubation, and dead eggs and debris should be removed daily. Stop aeration briefly each day to allow debris to settle before removal.

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