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Occurrence and Control of Abnormal Seedlings during Winter Wheat Seedling Stage
The seedling stage of winter wheat refers to the vegetative growth phase before the plant begins to joint, characterized by the development of long leaves, roots, and pods. During this period, wheat seedlings are exposed to cold winter conditions. If not properly managed, they can develop into malformed, frozen, yellow, or dead seedlings, which can lead to poor stand establishment and significantly reduce yield. The following outlines the causes of these abnormal seedlings and effective control measures.
First, **seedling and needle-like seedlings** occur due to poor sowing quality. For example, excessive seeding, uneven planting, or inadequate field preparation can result in dense or deeply planted seedlings. Straw that is not well crushed or soil with inconsistent texture can also cause needle-like growth. Additionally, applying too much fertilizer during winter can lead to standing needle seedlings, which have few leaves and weak tillering. To address this, ensure proper soil preparation with a plow depth of 20–25 cm, sow at an appropriate depth (3–5 cm), use suitable sowing rates, remove excess seedlings early, and apply urea during winter irrigation.
Second, **frozen seedlings** often result from late winter watering or freezing conditions that cause ice formation on the surface, suffocating the plants. Sudden temperature drops, excessive soil moisture, or ice expansion can damage roots and cause seedling death. To prevent this, choose cold-resistant varieties, sow at the right time, perform timely winter irrigation, press the soil to compact it, and cover the field with a thin layer of soil after irrigation to retain warmth.
Third, **yellow seedlings** can be caused by poor soil preparation, over-fertilization, improper sowing depth, nutrient deficiency, or pests. Yellowing may also occur due to poor root development or lack of nitrogen and phosphorus. Management strategies include removing topsoil to expose seedlings, loosening compacted soil, applying necessary nutrients, diluting excess fertilizers, and addressing pest issues through cultivation or treatment. In severe cases, replanting may be necessary.
Fourth, **dead seedlings** can occur due to poor soil preparation, water imbalance, root damage, or extreme weather. Preventive measures include proper soil preparation, avoiding overwatering, using well-composted organic fertilizer, sowing at the right time, and controlling pests and diseases. Grazing should also be avoided, as it can damage young plants and lead to root loss.
Fifth, **stagnant or old seedlings** show slow growth and fail to progress beyond a certain leaf stage. This is often due to compacted soil, low fertility, or insufficient nutrients. Loosening the soil and applying balanced fertilizers can help promote growth.
In addition, managing winter wheat seedlings requires careful attention to nutrient timing and application. In fields with rich soil and sufficient base fertilizer, delaying spring fertilization can prevent overgrowth. Proper nitrogen management is essential to maintain healthy growth and avoid deficiencies.
Overall, effective seedling management is critical for ensuring strong, healthy wheat plants and maximizing yield. Regular monitoring, timely interventions, and good agricultural practices are key to preventing and addressing common seedling problems.
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