Seedling diseases are a common problem in agriculture, including damping-off, blight, leaf spot, and anthracnose. These diseases can lead to high mortality rates among young plants, causing significant economic losses for farmers. To address this issue, several effective prevention and control measures have been developed. First, selecting an appropriate nursery is crucial. It is recommended to use light, loamy or sandy loam soils that are well-drained and located on higher ground with access to water. A crop rotation system should be implemented to avoid planting the same type of seedlings in the same area repeatedly. Before planting, the soil must be disinfected to reduce the risk of disease. There are several methods for disinfection: 1. Formalin disinfection: Apply 50 ml of formalin mixed with 10 kg of water per square meter, then cover the area with plastic film or straw bags for about 10 days. Afterward, allow the gas to dissipate before sowing seeds two days later. 2. Carbendazim disinfection: Use 1.5 grams of 50% wettable powder per square meter, or mix it at a ratio of 1:20 and apply it to the seedbeds. This helps prevent various seedling diseases effectively. 3. Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) disinfection: Mix 5 grams of 45% PCNB with 75% zein-zinc and combine it with 12 kg of fine soil. Spread the mixture over the nursery to protect against anthracnose, blight, damping-off, and other fungal infections. 4. Ferrous sulfate disinfection: Apply a 3% ferrous sulfate solution at 0.5 kg per square meter. This treatment not only prevents blight but also addresses iron deficiency yellowing in flowers and trees. It is best to apply it deeply in winter and turn the soil in the following year for better results. Second, seed disinfection is essential. Before sowing, remove weak or diseased seeds. Soak seeds in a 0.3% to 0.5% potassium permanganate solution for 0.5 to 1 hour, or soak them in warm water at 50°C for 24 hours. Then, select the seeds that sink and discard the floating ones. You can also soak seeds in a formalin solution for 30 minutes, followed by a 2-hour drench. Alternatively, use a 0.5% to 1% copper sulfate solution for 1 to 2 hours, then rinse and dry the seeds before sowing. Be careful with sowing depth—soil coverage should not be too thick to ensure proper germination. Third, chemical treatments are necessary during the early seedling stage. Spray a 0.5% to 1% Bordeaux mixture every 7 to 10 days, covering the seedbeds with a protective layer that helps prevent bacterial infections. Proper fertilization is also important—mainly using organic manure, supplemented with chemical fertilizers. Compost and manure should be fully fermented before use to avoid introducing pathogens. Once symptoms appear, promptly remove infected seedlings and sprinkle lime powder around the affected areas to prevent further spread. Apply fungicides every 10 to 15 days, using diluted solutions such as 500–800 times 100 kg per mu, or 65% Dyson Zinc diluted 300–800 times. Other options include 1:100 arsenic sulfate soil or a mixture of ash and lime powder applied directly to the seedbeds for effective treatment. Micro Pipette,Whole Autoclavable Micro Pipette,Micro Channel Pipette Whole Autoclavable,Autoclavable Micro Pipettes CHANGZHOU RICHGENIUS MEDLAB CO.,LTD , https://www.rich-gen.com
Prevention and treatment measures of seedling infestation diseases